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| Brazil maps |
Unfinished journey (68)
(Part sixty-eight, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, 12
September 2014, 9:33 pm)
United Nations (UN) declared the ozone layer is getting
thinner, among others, the reduction in tropical forests, such as those in the
Amazon region, Brazil.
Ozone problem on course for fix by mid-century: UN
In their first review in four years, the UN says Earth's
damaged ozone layer is "well on track" for recovery to a benchmark
level by mid-century
In some rare good news for the environment, the UN on
Wednesday said Earth's damaged ozone layer was "well on track" for
recovery by mid-century, although fixing it over Antarctica would take longer.
In their first review in four years on Earth's vital shield,
UN agencies said a 1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer was so successful it
was indirectly adding to problems in another area -- global warming.
Without the landmark Montreal Protocol, two million extra
cases of skin cancer would have occurred each year by 2030 and levels of
ozone-damaging compounds could have increased tenfold by 2050, the report said.
The pact had also averted ultra-violet damage to human
eyesight and to plants and animals, it said.
"The Earth's protective ozone layer is well on track
to recovery in the next few decades," the UN Environment Programme (UNEP)
and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) said.
Recovery to a benchmark level of 1980 "is expected
to occur before mid-century in mid-latitudes and the Arctic, and somewhat later
for the Antarctic ozone hole," their report said, standing by estimates
made in 2010.
UNEP chief Achim Steiner hailed the Montreal Protocol,
which set a timetable for scrapping chemicals that deplete the ozone, as
"one of the most successful environmental treaties" in history.
Recovery to a benchmark level of 1980 "is expected
to occur before mid-century in mid-latitudes and the Arctic, and somewhat later
for the Antarctic ozone hole," the UN report said
"However, the challenges that we face are still
huge. The success of the Montreal Protocol should encourage further action not
only on the protection and recovery of the ozone layer but also on
climate."
Ozone is a three-atom molecule of oxygen. In the
stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere that lies at between 10 and 50
kilometres (six to 32 miles) in altitude, it is a natural shield for life on
Earth's surface.
It filters out harmful ultra-violet light from the Sun
that can cause sunburn, cataracts and skin cancer and damage vegetation.
Its thinning -- the "ozone hole" -- is caused
by extreme cold temperatures at high altitude but also by man-made chlorine
compounds, such as coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators, insulation
foams and propellants in hair sprays.
Most of these substances, notably chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and halons, are being phased out on schedule under the Protocol, which
has been ratified by all 197 UN members.
Although it said the news for the ozone layer was
generally good, the 110-page report, authored by 300 scientists, also warned of
potential pitfalls.
It pointed to an ozone-eroding compound, carbon
tetrachloride, whose production continues to rise, even though it is covered by
the treaty.
Without the landmark Montreal Protocol, a 1987 treaty to
protect the ozone layer, two million extra cases of skin cancer would have
occurred each year by 2030
Measured atmospheric levels of this substance are
"much larger" than production and usage figures that countries have
reported over the last decade, the report said.
And it also pointed to man-made nitrous oxide (N2O) -- a
precursor of an ozone-gobbling gas, nitric oxide (NO) -- which is not covered
by the Protocol.
N2O emissions mainly result from natural activity by soil
bacteria, but around a third come from human activity, such as fertilisers,
fossil fuels, livestock manure and industry.
Tackling these emissions "will become more
important" as CFC levels decline, the report said.
- Heat-trapping substitutes-
Many CFCs are also greenhouse gases -- according to the
report, action under the Protocol saved the equivalent about 10 billion tonnes
of carbon dioxide annually in 2010.
The problem is that industries have substituted CFCs for
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which do not attack the ozone layer but can also be
powerful trappers of solar heat.
At present, HFC emissions are the equivalent of about 500
million tonnes per year of carbon dioxide.
Damage to the Amazon jungle to rise sharply
Damage to the Amazon jungle to reach 29% over a period of
two years
Deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon rain
increased in the last two years.
Brazilian government data shows deforestation increased
by 29% in the 12 months to the end of July 2013.
Satellite data shows nearly 6,000 km2 of forest were
destroyed in the period.
The largest increase in deforestation terjaid in the
state of Para and Mato Grosso, which is mostly caused by expansion of the
agricultural sector in Brazil.
More than 1,000 km2 of forest have been destroyed in each
state.
Last year, Brazilian authorities said the increase in
deforestation reached 28%.
The increase in forest damage was a setback, after
deforestation in the country has decreased for several years.
The rate of deforestation that occurred the last two
years this is the worst since the government began tracking deforestation
Brazil in 2004, when it was 30,000 km2 of forests switching function.
In addition to the expansion of agriculture,
deforestation is also caused by an increase in illegal logging and the use of
public land for infrastructure projects in the Amazon such as roads and dams.
History of Brazil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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(February 2014)
Part of a series on the
History of Brazil
Coat of arms of Brazil
Indigenous peoples
Colonial Brazil
United Kingdom with Portugal
Independence
Empire of Brazil
Old Republic
Vargas Era
Second Republic
Military rule
New Republic
Years in Brazil
Portal icon Brazil portal
v t e
The history of Brazil starts with indigenous people in
Brazil. Europeans arrived in Brazil at the opening of the 16th century.
The first European to colonize Brazil was Pedro Álvares
Cabral on April 22, 1500 under the sponsorship of Portugal. From the 16th to
the early 19th centuries, Brazil was a colony of Portugal. The country expanded
south along the coast and west along the Amazon and other inland rivers from
the original 15 donatary captaincy colonies established on the northeast
Atlantic coast east of the Tordesillas Line of 1494 (approximately the 46th
meridian west) that divided the Portuguese domain to the east from the Spanish
domain to the west. Most of the country's borders were set by the end of the
colonial period early in the 19th century.
On September 7, 1822, the country declared its
independence from Portugal and became a constitutional monarchy, the Empire of
Brazil. A military coup in 1889 established a republican government. The
country has seen a dictatorship (1930–1934 and 1937–1945) and a period of
military rule (1964–1985).
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| Dilma Rousseff |
Precolonial history[edit]
See also: Indigenous people in Brazil
When Portuguese explorers arrived in Brazil, the region
was inhabited by hundreds of different native tribes, "the earliest going
back at least 10,000 years in the highlands of Minas Gerais".[1] The
dating of the origins of the first inhabitants, who were called
"Indians" (índios) by the Portuguese, is still a matter of dispute
among archaeologists. The earliest pottery ever found in the Western
Hemisphere, radiocarbon-dated 8,000 years old, has been excavated in the Amazon
basin of Brazil, near Santarem, providing evidence to overturn the assumption
that the tropical forest region was too poor in resources to have supported a
complex prehistoric culture".[2] The current most widely accepted view of
anthropologists, linguists and geneticists is that the early tribes were part
of the first wave of migrant hunters who came into the Americas from Asia,
either by land, across the Bering Strait, or by coastal sea routes along the
Pacific, or both.
The Andes and the mountain ranges of northern South
America created a rather sharp cultural boundary between the settled agrarian
civilizations of the west coast and the semi-nomadic tribes of the east, who
never developed written records or permanent monumental architecture. For this
reason, very little is known about the history of Brazil before 1500.
Archaeological remains (mainly pottery) indicate a complex pattern of regional
cultural developments, internal migrations, and occasional large state-like
federations.
At the time of European discovery, the territory of
current day Brazil had as many as 2,000 tribes. The indigenous peoples were
traditionally mostly semi-nomadic tribes who subsisted on hunting, fishing,
gathering, and migrant agriculture. When the Portuguese arrived in 1500, the
Natives were living mainly on the coast and along the banks of major rivers.
Initially, the Europeans saw the natives as noble savages, and miscegenation of
the population began right away.
Tribal warfare, cannibalism and the pursuit of brazilwood
for its treasured red dye convinced the Portuguese that they should
Christianize the natives. But the Portuguese, like the Spanish in their South
American possessions, had unknowingly brought diseases with them, against which
many Natives were helpless due to lack of immunity. Measles, smallpox,
tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and influenza killed tens of thousands indigenous
people. The diseases spread quickly along the indigenous trade routes, and
whole tribes were likely annihilated without ever coming in direct contact with
Europeans.[citation needed]
Beginnings of Brazil[edit]
Main article: Colonial Brazil
See also: Slavery in Brazil
Royal Flag (1495–1521)
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Tordesillas (1494), Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) that set the
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There are several theories regarding who first set foot
on the land now called Brazil. Besides the widely accepted view of Cabral's
discovery, some defend that it was Duarte Pacheco Pereira between November and
December of 1498 [3][4] and some others say that it was first discovered by
Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, a Spanish navigator who had accompanied Colombus in his
first trip to the American continent having supposedly arrived in today's
Pernambuco region on 26 January 1500.[citation needed] In April 1500, however,
Brazil was claimed by Portugal on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded
by Pedro Álvares Cabral.[5] The Portuguese encountered stone-using natives
divided into several tribes, many of whom shared the same Tupi–Guarani language
family, and fought among themselves.[6] After its European discovery, the
land's major export was a tree the traders and colonists called pau-Brasil
(Latin for wood red like an ember) or brazilwood from whence the country got
its name, a large tree (Caesalpinia echinata) whose trunk yields a prized red
dye, and which was nearly wiped out as a result of overexploitation.
Until 1529 Portugal had very little interest in Brazil
mainly due to the high profits gained through commerce with India, China, and
Indonesia. This lack of interest allowed traders, pirates, and privateers of
several countries to poach profitable Brazilwood in lands claimed by Portugal,
so the Portuguese Crown devised a system to effectively occupy Brazil, without
paying the costs. Through the hereditary Captaincies system, Brazil was divided
into strips of land that were donated to Portuguese noblemen, who were in turn
responsible for the occupation and administration of the land and answered to
the king. The system was a failure - only four lots were successfully occupied
Pernambuco, São Vicente (later called São Paulo), Ilheus and Porto Seguro. The
captaincies gradually reverted to the Crown and became provinces and eventually
states of the country.
Starting in the 16th century, sugarcane grown on
plantations called engenhos[Note 1] along the northeast coast (Brazil's Nordeste)
became the base of Brazilian economy and society, with the use of slaves on
large plantations to make sugar for export to Europe. At first, settlers tried
to enslave the natives as labor to work the fields. The initial exploration of
Brazil's interior was largely due to para-military adventurers, the
bandeirantes, who entered the jungle in search of gold and Native slaves.
However colonists were unable to sustainably enslave Natives, and Portuguese
land owners soon turned to import millions of slaves from Africa.[7] Mortality
rates for slaves in sugar and gold enterprises[ambiguous] were dramatic, and
there were often not enough females or proper conditions to replenish the slave
population indigenously.
[Note 2] Still, Africans became a substantial section of
Brazilian population, and long before the end of slavery (1888) they had begun
to merge with the European Brazilian population through miscegenation and
mulatto work rights.
During the first 150 years of the colonial period,
attracted by the vast natural resources and untapped land, other European
powers tried to establish colonies in several parts of Brazilian territory, in
defiance of the papal bull ( Inter caetera ) and the Treaty of Tordesillas,
which had divided the New World into two parts between Portugal and Spain.
French colonists tried to settle in present-day Rio de Janeiro, from 1555 to
1567 (the so-called France Antarctique episode), and in present-day São Luís,
from 1612 to 1614 (the so-called France Équinoxiale). Jesuits arrived early and
established Sao Paulo, evangelising the natives. These native allies of the
Jesuits assisted the Portuguese in driving out the French. The unsuccessful
Dutch intrusion into Brazil was longer lasting and more troublesome to Portugal
( Dutch Brazil ). Dutch privateers began by plundering the coast: they sacked
Bahia in 1604, and even temporarily captured the capital Salvador. From 1630 to
1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the Nordeste and controlled a long
stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating
the interior. But the colonists of the Dutch West India Company in Brazil were
in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of the
great[peacock term] John Maurice of Nassau as governor. After several years of
open warfare, the Dutch withdrew by 1654. Little French and Dutch cultural and
ethnic influences remained of these failed attempts.
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history between 1654 and 1808. Please expand the article to include this
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The Kingdom and Empire of Brazil[edit]
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coffee plantations. Please expand the article to include this information.
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Queen Maria I of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil
and the Algarves.
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
(1816–1821)
Main articles: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the
Algarves, Brazilian Declaration of Independence and Empire of Brazil
Brazil was one of only three modern states in the
Americas to have its own indigenous monarchy (the other two were Mexico and Haiti)
– for a period of almost 90 years.
In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon's
invasion of Portugal during the Peninsular War in a large fleet escorted by
British men-of-war, moved the government apparatus to its then-colony, Brazil,
establishing themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro. From there the
Portuguese king ruled his huge empire for 15 years, and there he would have
remained for the rest of his life if it were not for the turmoil aroused in
Portugal due, among other reasons, to his long stay in Brazil after the end of
Napoleon's reign.
The Empire Flag (October 12, 1822 — November 15, 1889)
In 1815 the king vested Brazil with the dignity of a
united kingdom with Portugal and Algarves. When king João VI of Portugal left
Brazil to return to Portugal in 1821, his elder son, Pedro, stayed in his stead
as regent of Brazil. One year later, Pedro stated the reasons for the secession
of Brazil from Portugal and led the Independence War, instituted a
constitutional monarchy in Brazil assuming its head as Emperor Pedro I of
Brazil.
Also known as "Dom Pedro I", after his
abdication in 1831 for political incompatibilities (displeased, both by the
landed elites, who thought him too liberal and by the intellectuals, who felt
he was not liberal enough), he left for Portugal leaving behind his
five-year-old son as Emperor Pedro II, which left the country ruled by regents
between 1831 and 1840. This period was beset by rebellions of various
motivations, such as the Sabinada, the Ragamuffin War, the Malê Revolt,[8]
Cabanagem and Balaiada, among others. After this period, Pedro II was declared
of age and assumed his full prerogatives. Pedro II started a more-or-less
parliamentary reign which lasted until 1889, when he was ousted by a coup
d'état which instituted the republic in Brazil.
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| Water Fall in Brazil |
Externally, apart from the Independence war, stood out
decades of pressure from the United Kingdom for the country to end its
participation in the Atlantic slave trade, and the wars fought in the region of
La Plata river: the Cisplatine War (in 2nd half of the 1820s), the Platine War
(in the 1850s), the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War (in the 1860s). This
last war against Paraguay also was the bloodiest and most expensive in South
American history, after which the country entered a period that continues to
the present day, averse to external political and military interventions.
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Republic of Brazil[edit]
The Old Republic (1889–1930)[edit]
Main article: República Velha
See also: South American dreadnought race and Coronelismo
Henrique Bernardelli: Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca, c.
1900.
Pedro II was deposed on November 15, 1889, by a
Republican military coup led by General Deodoro da Fonseca, who became the
country's first de facto president through military ascension. The country's
name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil (which in 1967 was
changed to Federative Republic of Brazil.). Two military presidents ruled
through four years of dictatorship amid conflicts, among the military and
political elites (two Naval revolts, followed by an Federalist revolt), and an
economic crisis due the effects of the burst of a financial bubble, the
encilhamento.
From 1889 to 1930, although the country was formally a
constitutional democracy, the First Republican Constitution, created in 1891,
established that women and the illiterate (then the majority of the population)
were prevented from voting. The presidentialism[ambiguous] was adopted as the
form of government and the State was divided into three powers (Legislative,
Executive and Judiciary) "harmonics and independents of each
other".[citation needed] The presidencial term was fixed at four years,
and the elections became direct.
After 1894, the presidency of the republic was occupied
by coffee farmers (oligarchies) from São Paulo and Minas Gerais, alternately.
This policy was called política do café com leite (coffee and milk policy). The
elections for president and governors was ruled by the Política dos
Governadores (Governor's policy), in which they had mutual support to ensure
the elections of some candidates. The exchanges of favors also happened among
politicians and big landowners. They used the power to control the votes of
population in return for favors (this was called coronelismo).
Between 1893 and 1926 several movements, civilians and
military, shook the country. The military movements had their origins both in
the lower officers' corps of the Army and Navy (which, dissatisfied with the
regime, called for democratic changes) while the civilian ones, such Canudos
and Contestado War, were usually led by messianic leaders, without conventional
political goals.
[icon] This section
requires expansion. (January 2014)
Internationally, the country would stick to a course of
conduct that extended throughout the twentieth century: an almost isolationist
policy, interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments with major western
powers, its main economic partners, in moments of high turbulence. Standing out
of this period: the resolution of the Acreanian's Question[jargon], its tiny
role in the World War I, of which highlights the mission accomplished by its
Navy on anti-submarine warfare,[9] and an effort to play a leading role in the
League of Nations.[10]
Populism and development (1930–1964)[edit]
Main articles: History of Brazil (1930–1945) and History
of Brazil (1945–1964)
After 1930, the successive governments continued
industrial and agriculture growth and development of the vast interior of
Brazil. Getúlio Vargas led a military junta that had taken control in 1930 and
would remain ruling from 1930 to 1945 with the backing of Brazilian military,
especially the Army. In this period, he faced internally the Constitutionalist
Revolt in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in 1935 and
by local Fascists in 1938.
A democratic regime prevailed from 1945–64. In the 1950s
after Vargas' second period (this time, democratically elected), the country
experienced an economic boom during Juscelino Kubitschek's years, during which
the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasília.
Externally, after a relative isolation during the first
half of the 1930s due to the effects of the 1929 Crisis, in the second half of
the 1930s there was a rapprochement with the fascist regimes of Italy and
Germany. However, after the fascist coup attempt in 1938 and the naval blockade
imposed on these two countries by the British navy from the beginning of World
War II, in the decade of 1940 there was a return to the old foreign policy of
the previous period.
During the early 1940s, Brazil joined the allied forces
in the Battle of Atlantic and the Italian Campaign; in the 1950s the country
began its participation in the United Nations' peacekeeping missions[11] with
Suez Canal in 1956 and in the beginning of the 1960s, during the presidency of
Janio Quadros, its first attempts to break the automatic alignment (that had
started in the 1940s) with the U.S.A.[12]
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| Rio Jeneiro City |
The institutional crisis of succession for the
presidency, triggered with the Quadros' resignation, coupled with other
factors, would lead to the military coup of 1964 and to the end of this period.
Military dictatorship (1964–85)[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)
Main articles: 1964 Brazilian coup d'état and History of
Brazil (1964–1985)
New Professionalism and the Escola Superior de
Guerra[edit]
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the success of
revolutionary warfare techniques against conventional armies in China,
Indochina, Algeria, and Cuba led the conventional armies in the developed and
underdeveloped worlds to concentrate on finding military and political
strategies to fight domestic revolutionary warfare. This led to an adoption of
what Stepan called, in 1973, “New Professionalism.” The New Professionalism was
formulated and propagated in Brazil through the Escola Superior de Guerra,
which had been established in 1949. By 1963 New Professionalism had come to
dominate the school, when it declared its primary mission to be preparing
“civilians and the military to perform executive and advisory functions
(Decreto Lei No. 53,080 December 4, 1963).” This new attitude towards professionalism
did not arise out of nowhere. Though its domination of the ESG was completed by
1963, it had begun to penetrate the college much earlier than that — assisted
by the United States and its policy of encouraging Latin American militaries to
assume as their primary role in counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency
warfare programs, civic action and nation-building tasks.[13]
By 1964, at the same time that the military elite were
unsatisfied with the natural delay, transfers and accommodation, characteristics
of the negotiation processes in democratic regimes and was also eager to impose
their development project, saw a leftist revolution as a real possibility
(through the paradigm of internal warfare doctrines of the new
professionalism). Events like the rising strike levels, the inflation rate,
embraced demands by the Left for broaden political process, land reform and the
growing claims of the enlisted men were seen as "evidence" that
Brazil was facing the serious possibility of a leftist internal insurgency.[14]
Military response[edit]
By early 1964 important sections of the military had
developed a consensus that intervention in the political process was necessary.
The development of this consensus was likely helped by important civilian
politicians, such as José de Magalhães Pinto, governor of Minas Gerais, and the
United States government. Though many in the right of the political spectrum
claim the coup was "revolutionary," most historians agree that is not
so, since there was no real transition of power; military dictatorship was the
fastest way to implement neoliberal economic policies in the country while
suppressing growing popular discontent, and the coup was thus a way for
Brazil's already-ruling elite to secure its power.
At first, there was intense economic growth, due to
neoliberal economic reforms, but in the later years of the dictatorship, the
reforms had left the economy in shambles, with soaring inequality and national
debt, and thousands of Brazilians were deported, imprisoned, tortured,[15] or
murdered. Politically motivated deaths numbered in the hundreds, mostly related
to the guerrilla-antiguerrilla warfare in the 1968–73 period; official
censorship also led many artists into exile.
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| Amazon Forest damage |
Redemocratization to present (1985–Present)[edit]
Main article: History of Brazil (1985–present)
Tancredo Neves was elected president in an indirect
election in 1985 as the nation returned to civilian rule. He died before being
sworn in, and the elected vice president, José Sarney, was sworn in as
president in his place.
Fernando Collor de Mello was the first elected president
by popular vote after the military regime in December 1989 defeating Luiz
Inácio Lula da Silva in a two round presidential race and 35 million votes.
Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures.
The first democratically elected President of Brazil in 29 years, Collor spent
much of the early years of his government battling hyper-inflation, which at
times reached rates of 25% per month.[16]
Collor's neoliberal program was also followed by his
successor Fernando Henrique Cardoso[17] who maintained free trade and
privatization programs.[18] Collor's administration began the process of
privatization of a number of government-owned enterprises such as Acesita,
Embraer, Telebrás and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce.[19] With the exception of
Acesita, the privatizations were all completed during the term of Fernando
Henrique Cardoso.
Following Collor's impeachment, acting president, Itamar
Franco, was sworn in as president. In elections held on October 3, 1994,
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, his finance minister, defeated left-wing Lula da
Silva again. He was elected president due to the success of the so-called Plano
Real. Reelected in 1998, he guided Brazil through a wave of financial crises.
In 2000, Cardoso ordered the declassifying of some military files concerning
Operation Condor, a network of South American military dictatorships that
kidnapped and assassinated political opponents.
Brazil's most severe problem today is arguably its highly
unequal distribution of wealth and income, one of the most extreme in the
world. By the 1990s, more than one out of four Brazilians continued to survive
on less than one dollar a day. These socio-economic contradictions helped elect
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) in 2002.
President Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–2011)
In the few months before the election, investors were
scared by Lula's campaign platform for social change, and his past
identification with labor unions and leftist ideology. As his victory became
more certain, the Real devalued and Brazil's investment risk rating plummeted
(the causes of these events are disputed, since Cardoso left a very small
foreign reserve). After taking office, however, Lula maintained Cardoso's
economic policies,[20] warning that social reforms would take years and that
Brazil had no alternative but to extend fiscal austerity policies. The Real and
the nation's risk rating soon recovered.
Lula, however, has given a substantial increase to the
minimum wage (raising from R$200 to R$350 in four years). Lula also spearheaded
legislation to drastically cut retirement benefits for public servants. His
primary significant social initiative, on the other hand, was the Fome Zero
(Zero Hunger) program, designed to give each Brazilian three meals a day.
In 2005 Lula's government suffered a serious blow with
several accusations of corruption and misuse of authority against his cabinet,
forcing some of its members to resign. Most political analysts at the time were
certain that Lula's political career was doomed, but he managed to hold onto
power, partly by highlighting the achievements of his term (e.g., reduction in
poverty, unemployment and dependence on external resources, such as oil), and
to distance himself from the scandal. Lula was re-elected President in the
general elections of October 2006.
Having served two terms as president, Lula was forbidden
by the Brazilian Constitution from standing again. In the 2010 presidential
election, the PT candidate was Dilma Rousseff. Rousseff won and assumed office
on January 1, 2011.
Religious change[edit]
Main article: Religion in Brazil
Until recently Catholicism was overwhelmingly dominant.
Rapid change in the 21st century has led to a growth in secularism (no
religious affiliation). Just as dramatic is the sudden rise of evangelical
Protestantism to over 22% of the population. The 2010 census indicates that
fewer than 65% of Brazilians consider themselves Catholic, down from 90% in
1970. The decline is associated with falling birth rates to one of Latin
America’s lowest at 1.83 children per woman, which is below replacement levels.
It has led Cardinal Cláudio Hummes to comment, "We wonder with anxiety:
how long will Brazil remain a Catholic country?"[21]
Take a trip to Brazil just to enjoy the hotel room?
You've certainly wrong destination. Visits to Brazil should enjoy.
Therefore, puaskanlah desire to play outdoors. Whether it
goes down a variety of its natural beauty or just to hang out in cafes with
friends.
For those of you who love nature, Brazil is the right
choice. The country has beaches, forests, and waterfalls are so stunning.
One of the must visit is the Pantanal. This is home to
thousands of species of birds and 300 different species of mammals ranging from
tapirs to jaguar.
Need green space? You must be familiar with the Amazon
rain forest. This is the largest green lung in the world. Or maybe you are
interested to visit the Iguazu waterfalls become one of the most popular
waterfalls in the world.
10 Best Places in Brazil
T0ur World. Brazil to host 2014 World Cup in this,
and of course Brazil is also famous for being home to the world's top soccer
players. As well as football, many Tourist attractions in Brazil that is very
popular and admirable, among them are Rio de Janeiro and Iguazu Falls, making
Brazil as an attractive tourist destination in the world. As the largest
country in South America, Brazil covers most areas of the continent and
adjacent northeast almost to all countries in South America, except Chile and
Ecuador. From the Amazon rain forest in the North to the tropical beaches along
the Atlantic, to the Pantanal wetlands and the vibrant cities of South East
there are many interesting places to visit in Brazil.
1 Rio de Janeiro
tourist-places-in-brazil
City of Rio de Janeiro Coat (Statue of Christ)
No tourist place in Brazil and in the earth is more
animated and interesting than Rio de Janeiro. Located in the southeastern part
of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro is the most visited city in South America because it
has mountains, landmarks, beaches and Carnival festivals are very famous. Rio
de Janeiro is located in one of the largest ports in the world surrounded by
the natural attractions include Sugarloaf and Corcovado mountain and the famous
beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema. Iconic landmarks in this city is a very
large statue of Christ the Redeemer statue sits atop the Corcovado mountain.
2 Iguazu Falls
water-falls-iguazu-fallz
Iguazu Falls Fallz
Tourist attractions in Brazil is one of the most amazing
natural wonders in the world. Iguazu Falls is a series of magnificent
waterfalls located on the Iguazu River, straddling the border between Brazil
and Argentina. This waterfall has its own beauty and be a stunning spectacle,
but the beauty of Iguazu Falls becomes more dense as the surrounding forests
full of exotic wildlife. Gate to the falls on the Brazilian side called Foz do
Iguacu, which is a big city and quite safe to visit the Brazilian standard.
3. Sao Paulo
sao-paulo-city-brazil
City view of Sao Paulo in the Afternoon
Sao Paulo is not only predicated as the largest city in
Brazil, but also one of the largest in the world by population. Located in the
southeast of Brazil, Sao Paulo is known for skyscrapers, the chefs cooking
skills and a strong cultural scene. Although Sao Paulo known as the concrete
jungle, but tourist attractions in Brazil is also home to a large number of
public parks and even parts of the Atlantic rain forest.
4. Brasilia
city-in-brasilia-brazil
Unique city of Brasilia
Located in the Highlands of Brazil, Brasilia was named in
1960 as the capital of Brazil. Former Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek
ordered the city to be planned and developed into what is called by some as
utopian. Brasilia city's modern infrastructure is designed in the form of a
plane in which each piece that serves as a district as diverse as government,
commercial, residential and cultural.
5. Fortaleza
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Coastal Fortaleza
Tourist attractions in Brazil has a very beautiful beach,
as well as a dynamic shopping activities and cultural life, all of it makes
Fortaleza worthy of being one of the popular places to visit Brazil. Fortaleza
is the capital of the state of Ceará in the northeast coast of the Brazilian
state, Fortaleza is also the fifth largest city in Brazil. Fortaleza also
serves as a means for visitors to really enjoy spectacular beaches, rolling
dunes and fishing villages are beautiful above and below the Ceará coast.
6 Parati
paraty-old-town-in-brazil
Old City Parati
Parati is a tourist place in Brazil which is a paradise
of tropical forests, waterfalls, emerald sea and coastal mountains. Parati is a
popular tourist attraction located along the Green Coast of Brazil in the state
of Rio de Janeiro. Parati Paraty is also spelled, is a beautiful city and a
former Portuguese colony that was founded on the banks of Ilha Grande Bay.
7 Recife
-beach-in-brazil recife
Coastal city of Recife
Dubbed as the "Venice of Brazil" because it has
many rivers and bridges, Recife is the capital of the state of Pernambuco and
one of the largest and most important city on the northeast coast of Brazil.
Tourist attractions in Brazil is located in the middle and surrounded by
tropical forests and river islands. Recife is a popular tourist destination
because of its scenery, historic old town, beaches and vibrant culture.
8. Olinda
-Olinda town-in-brazil
Portuguese colonial city
Tourist Places in Brazil is One of the colonial cities in
Brazil the best and still maintained continuity. Olinda is located on the
Atlantic Coast in the northeastern state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Perched on a
beautiful hilltop surrounded by trees, Olinda's historic town center is a
treasure trove of colonial churches, old houses colorful, restaurants, museums
and artisan studios are numerous in this city.
9. Manaus
manaus-brazil
City piers in Manaus
Tourist attractions in Brazil is the capital of the state
of Amazonas in northwestern Brazil, Manaus is an important tourist destination
as it serves as the gateway to the Amazon rain forest. As a result of growing
rubber industry in the region in the early 20th century, Manaus to this day is
one of the largest cities in Brazil featuring landmarks such as the Opera House
Amazonas, and the Rio Negro Palace.
10 Salvador
city-salvador-in-brazil
Beautiful city of Salvador
Salvador A historic Old Town which has beautiful beaches,
cultural life and one of the biggest Carnival celebrations in the world, all
modes Salvador was making it as one of the best places to visit in Brazil. One
of the oldest cities in America, Salvador is the third largest city in Brazil
and the capital of the state of Bahia. (Continoe)
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