Philippine President Benigno Aquino III (R) and MILF chairman Al Haj Murad Ebrahim pose for a picture after meeting in Tokyo on August 4, 2011. (Reuters file photo) |
Unfinished journey (52)
(Part fifty-two, Depok, West Java, Indonesia 9 September
2014, 6:44 pm)
There is news of Manila, the capital of the Philippines
that Philippine President Benigno Aquino III (R) and President MILF Al Haj
Murad Ebrahim in principle has approved a peace agreement between the
Bangsamoro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) as a follow-up the results of their
meeting in Tokyo on August 4 in 2011.
Both agree this Act apply to the autonomy in the South
region of the Philippines whose proposals being proposed to the members of
Congress (DPR) for approval.
Philippine map |
Philippine president, Muslim group agree on autonomy bill
MANILA: The Philippine president and a Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) leader secretly met last week and helped resolve thorny
differences over a proposed autonomy law that threatened to stall efforts to
end decades of rebellion in the south, officials and the MILF said Monday.
President Benigno Aquino III and Al Haj Murad Ebrahim of
the MILF agreed to endorse a draft of the proposed legislation after meeting
for more than two hours at the presidential palace Thursday, presidential
adviser Teresita Deles said.
Aquino will submit the bill to Congress on Wednesday,
bringing efforts by the government and the 11,000-strong MILF to end one of
Southeast Asia’s longest-running insurgencies a step closer. The rebellion has
killed thousands and hampered progress in a resource-rich frontier region that
is home to minority Muslims in this largely Roman Catholic nation.
The government and the MILF, the largest of at least four
in the south, signed a new deal in March that aims to establish a more powerful
and potentially larger Muslim autonomous region to be called Bangsamoro. Under
the deal, the rebels agreed to eventually disband their guerrilla forces in
exchange for broader autonomy.
Differences, however, threatened to stall the drafting of
the autonomy bill.
Aquino’s top aides met behind closed-door with rebel
commanders to try to patch up differences, including the extent of power and
territory of the Muslim region and wording of the draft legislation. Aquino and
Murad met to resolve the final issues.
“It was like a championship boxing match,” said rebel
negotiator Mohagher Iqbal. “And there are more bouts to come.”
Deles, however, said both sides have committed to
overcome major disagreements.
Several Asian and Western governments, including the
United States and the European Union, have backed the Malaysian-brokered peace
process in the south partly to prevent the Muslim insurgency from becoming a
sanctuary of foreign extremists.
In 2008, the government and the rebels were close to
signing a preliminary peace deal but Christian politicians questioned the
legality of the pact, which eventually fell apart, igniting rebel attacks.
Major fighting resumed, killing scores of people and displacing tens of
thousands of villagers. Philippines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Page semi-protected
Republic of the Philippines
Republika ng Pilipinas
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:
"Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at
Makabansa"[1]
"For God, People, Nature, and Country"
Anthem: Lupang Hinirang
Chosen Land
MENU0:00
Great Seal
Seal of the Philippines.svg
Location of
Philippines (green)in ASEAN (dark grey)
– [Legend]
Location of
Philippines (green)
in ASEAN (dark
grey) –
[Legend]
Capital Manila[2]
14°35′N 121°0′E
Largest city Quezon
City
Official languages
Filipino English
Recognised regional languages
19 languages[3][show]
Optional languagesa
Spanish Arabic
Ethnic groups (2000[4])
28.1% Tagalog
13.1% Cebuano
9.0% Ilocano
7.6% Bisaya
7.5% Ilonggo
6.0% Bicolano
3.4% Waray
25.3% others
Demonym Filipino
Government Unitary
presidential constitutional republic
- President Benigno
Aquino III
- Vice President Jejomar Binay
- Senate President Franklin Drilon
- House Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.
- Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno
Legislature Congress
- Upper house Senate
- Lower house House of Representatives
Independence from Spainb and the United States
- Independence from Spain declared June 12, 1898
- United States control July 4, 1902
- Self-government March 24, 1934
- Independence from the United states July 4, 1946
- Current constitution February 2, 1987
Area
- Total 300,000
km2 (64th)
120,000 sq mi
- Water (%) 0.61[5]
(inland waters)
- Land 298,170
km2
115,120 sq mi
Population
- July 27, 2014 estimate 100,000,000[6] (12th)
- 2010 census 92,337,852
- Density 334.01/km2
(43rd)
865.08/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2013
estimate
- Total $456.418
billion[7] (31th)
- Per capita $4,682[7]
(130th)
GDP (nominal) 2013
estimate
- Total $272.018
billion[7] (40th)
- Per capita $2,790[7]
(124th)
Gini (2009) 43.0[8]
medium · 44th
HDI (2013) Increase
0.660[9]
medium · 117th
Currency Peso
(Filipino: piso) (₱) (PHP)
Time zone PST
(UTC+8)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+8)
Date format mm/dd/yyyy
Drives on the right[10]
Calling code +63
Internet TLD .ph
a. ^a The 1987
Philippine constitution specifies, "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted
on a voluntary and optional basis."[11]
b. ^b
Philippine revolutionaries declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898,
but the Spanish claim of sovereignty was passed from Spain to the United States
in the Treaty of Paris. This led to the Philippine–American War.
The Philippines (Listeni/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/; Filipino: Pilipinas
[ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino:
Repúblika ng Pilipinas), is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia
situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of 7,107 islands that are
categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila while its most populous city is Quezon
City; both are part of Metro Manila.
To the north of the Philippines across the Luzon Strait lies
Taiwan; Vietnam sits west across the South China Sea; southwest is the island
of Borneo across the Sulu Sea, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it
from other islands of Indonesia; while to the east it is bounded by the
Philippine Sea and the island-nation of Palau. Its location on the Pacific Ring
of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and
typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the
world's greatest biodiversity. At approximately 300,000 square kilometers
(115,831 sq mi), the Philippines is the 64th-largest country in the world.
With a population of about 100 million people,[12] the
Philippines is the seventh-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most
populated country in the world. An additional 12 million Filipinos live
overseas, comprising one of the world's largest diasporas. Multiple ethnicities
and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos
were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by
successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Various nations were established
under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. Trade with Chinese, Malay,
Indian, and Islamic states also occurred.
The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the
beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de
Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of
Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565; the
first Spanish settlement in the archipelago was established. The Philippines
became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in the
predominant religion in the country being Roman Catholicism. During this time,
Manila became the Asian hub of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade.
As the 19th century gave way to the 20th, there followed
in quick succession the Philippine Revolution, which spawned the short-lived
First Philippine Republic, and the Philippine–American War. Aside from the
period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the
islands. After World War II, the Philippines was recognized as an independent
nation. Since then, the Philippines has had an often tumultuous experience with
democracy, which includes a People Power Revolution overthrowing a
dictatorship. The nation's large population size and economic potential have
led it to be classified as a middle power. It is a founding member of the
United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, and East Asia Summit.
Main article: Name of the Philippines
The Philippines were named in honor of King Philip II of
Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos during his expedition in 1542
named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the then Prince of
Asturias. Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all
the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names
such as Islas del Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the
islands San Lázaro were also used by the Spanish to refer to the
islands.[13][14][15][16][17]
The official name of the Philippines has changed several
times in the course of the country's history. During the Philippine Revolution,
the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or
the Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War (1898) and
the Philippine–American War (1899–1902) until the Commonwealth period
(1935–46), American colonial authorities referred to the country as the
Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name. From the 1898 Treaty of
Paris, the name Philippines began to appear and it has since become the
country's common name. Since the end of World War II, the official name of the
country has been the Republic of the Philippines.[18]
History
Main article: History of the Philippines
Prehistory
Further information: Prehistory of the Philippines
The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by
uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago[19] replaced the Tabon Man of
Palawan, carbon-dated to around 24,000 years ago,[20][21] as the oldest human
remains found in the archipelago. Negritos were also among the archipelago's
earliest inhabitants, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been
reliably dated.[22] There are several opposing theories regarding the origins
of ancient Filipinos. The most widely accepted based on linguistic and
archeological evidence, is the "Out-of-Taiwan" model, which
hypothesizes that Austronesians from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines
around 4000 BCE, displacing earlier arrivals.[23][24] By 1000 BCE the
inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups:
hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland plutocracies, and maritime
harbor principalities.[25]
Classical states
Further information: History of the Philippines
(900–1521)
A Tagalog couple of the Maginoo caste depicted on a page
of the 16th century Boxer Codex.
Some of the societies scattered in the islands remained
isolated but many evolved into states that developed substantial trade and
contacts with the peoples of Eastern and Southern Asia, including those from
India, China, Japan and other Austronesian islands.[26] The 1st millennium saw
the rise of the harbor principalities and their growth into Maritime states
composed of autonomous barangays independent of, or allied with larger nations
which were either Malay thalassocracies led by Datus, Chinese tributary states
ruled by Huangs or Indianized Kingdoms governed by Rajahs.[27] For example,
Datu Puti ruled over the Confederation of Madja-as after he purchased his
realms from the Ati Chieftain, Marikudo.[28] Madja-as, being founded on Panay
island, named after the fallen homeland, the state of Pannai. The Rajahnate of
Butuan, attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja,[26] the
Kingdom of Tondo, was ruled over by the Lakandula dynasty[29][30] and the
Rajahnate of Cebu[31] which was led by Rajamuda Sri Lumay. Other nations in
this era include the Sinified kingdom of Ma-i, represented by Huang Gat Sa
Li-han and Sulu which, before its Islamization, was also an Indianized
Rajahnate under its first ruler, Rajah Sipad the Older.[32] The great epics; the
Hinilawod, Darangan and the Biag Ni Lam-Ang trace their origins to this
era.[33]
The 1300s heralded the arrival and eventual spread of the
Islamic religion in the Philippine archipelago. In 1380, Karim ul' Makdum and
Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu
from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting Sulu's rajah
and marrying his daughter.[34][35] At the end of the 15th century, Shariff
Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao. He
subsequently married Paramisuli, an Iranun princess, and established the
Sultanate of Maguindanao. The sultanate form of government extended further
into Lanao.[36] Eventually, Islam spread out of Mindanao in the south into
Luzon in the north. Even Manila was Islamized through the reign of Sultan
Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521, wherein, the Sultanate of Brunei subjugated the
Kingdom of Tondo by converting Rajah Salalila to Islam.[37][38][39][40]
However, states like the Animist Igorot, Malay Madja-as, Sinified Ma-i, and
Indianized Butuan still maintained their cultures. In some kingdoms,
anti-Islamic fervor was present. As a result, the rivalries between the datus,
rajahs, huangs, sultans, and lakans eventually eased Spanish colonization.
These states became incorporated into the Spanish Empire and were Hispanicized
and Christianized.[41]
Spanish colonization
Further information: History of the Philippines
(1521–1898)
Fort Santiago in Manila, built by Miguel López de Legazpi
in 1590.
In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived
in the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain.[42] Colonization began
when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and
formed the first Hispanic settlements in Cebu. After re-locating to Panay
island and consolidating a coalition of native Visayan allies and Spanish
soldiers, the Spaniards marched upon Islamic Manila. Under Spanish rule, Manila
became the capital of the Spanish East Indies (1571), therein they put down the
Tondo Conspiracy and defeated the Chinese-warlord Limahong.[43][44] Spanish
rule contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented
states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a
territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly
from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. The Manila galleons and its
large naval fleet linking Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year
between the 16th and 19th centuries. Trade introduced foods such as corn,
tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, and pineapples from the Americas.[44] Roman
Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity
and founded schools, a university, and hospitals. While a Spanish decree introduced
free public schooling in 1863, efforts in mass public education mainly came to
fruition during the American period.[45]
José Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Mariano Ponce,
leaders of the Propaganda Movement.
During its rule, the Spanish fought off various
indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges from Chinese
pirates, the Dutch, and the Portuguese. In an extension of the fighting of the
Seven Years' War, British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764. Spanish
rule was eventually restored following the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[41][46][47] In
the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started
occurring within Philippine society. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines
(criollos) and those of mixed ancestry (mestizos) became wealthy, and an influx
of Latin American settlers opened up government positions traditionally held by
Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula (peninsulares). The ideals of
revolution also began to spread through the islands. Criollo dissatisfaction
resulted in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny that was a precursor to the Philippine
Revolution.[41][48][49][50]
Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three
priests — Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (collectively known as
Gomburza) — were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and
executed.[48][49] This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized
by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political
reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896,
on charges of rebellion.[51] As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés
Bonifacio in 1892 established the secret society called the Katipunan, who
sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[50] Bonifacio and the
Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the
Katipunan, the Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge
Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took
over. In 1898, the Spanish-American War began in Cuba and reached the
Philippines. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit,
Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established in
the Barasoain Church in the following year.[41]
Philippine trroops |
American period
Further information: History of the Philippines
(1898-1946)
President Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942)
The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States for
20 million US dollars in the 1898 Treaty of Paris.[52] As it became
increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First
Philippine Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out, the First Republic
was defeated, and the archipelago was administered under an Insular
Government.[53] The Americans then suppressed the subs-states the First
Republic fractured into: mainly, the waning Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the
insurgent Tagalog Republic, the Cantonal Republic of Negros, in the Visayas,
and the Republic of Zamboanga, in Mindanao.[54][55] During this era, a renaissance
in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of Philippine cinema and
literature.[56][57][58] Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila
which would have transformed it into a modern city.[59]
In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status
with Manuel Quezon as president. He designated a national language and
introduced women's suffrage and land reform.[51][60] Plans for independence
over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire
invaded and the Second Philippine Republic of José P. Laurel was established as
a collaborator state. Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the
war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated
during the Battle of Manila.[61] In 1944, Quezon died in exile in the United
States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him. Allied troops defeated the Japanese in
1945. By the end of the war it is estimated over a million Filipinos had
died.[62][63][64]
Cold War era
Further information: History of the Philippines
(1946-1965) and History of the Philippines (1965-1986)
Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.
On October 24, 1945,[65] the Philippines became one of
the founding members of the United Nations and the following year, on July 4,
1946, it became recognized by the United States as independent, during the
presidency of Manuel Roxas.[5] Disgruntled remnants of the communist
Hukbalahap[66] continued to roam the countryside but were put down by President
Elpidio Quirino's successor Ramon Magsaysay.[67][68] Magsaysay's successor,
Carlos P. Garcia initiated the Filipino First Policy,[69] which was continued by
Diosdado Macapagal, with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to
June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration,[70][71] while furthering
the claim on North Borneo.[72][73]
In 1965, Macapagal lost to Ferdinand Marcos, who was
elected president. Early in his presidency he initiated numerous public
projects but was accused of massive corruption, such as the embezzlement of
billions of dollars in public funds.[74] Amidst great social turmoil and
nearing the end of his term, Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972.
This period of his rule was characterized by political repression, censorship,
and human rights violations. His wife Imelda continued to live a lavish
lifestyle as the majority of Filipinos remained in poverty.[75] On August 21,
1983, Marcos' chief rival, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr., was
assassinated at Manila International Airport. Marcos eventually called for snap
presidential elections in 1986 against Aquino's widow, Corazon.[76] Marcos was
proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent,
leading to the People Power Revolution. Marcos and his allies fled to Hawaii
and Aquino was recognized as president.[76][77]
Contemporary history
Further information: History of the Philippines (1986–present)
The return of democracy and government reforms beginning
in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, coup attempts,
disasters, a persistent communist insurgency,[78] and a military conflict with
Moro separatists.[79] Corazon Aquino's administration ended with the eruption
of Mount Pinatubo,[80][81] leading to the withdrawal of U.S. forces in Subic
Bay and Clark Air Base. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel
V. Ramos, who was elected president in 1992. However, political and economic
improvements, such as a peace deal with the Moro National Liberation Front,[82]
were negated by the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997.[83][84]
In 2001, amid an ongoing conflict with the Abu
Sayyaf,[85] charges of corruption, and a stalled impeachment process, Ramos'
successor Joseph Estrada was ousted by the 2001 EDSA Revolution and replaced by
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.[86] Her 9-year administration was tied with graft and
political scandals, though the economy experienced stable growth and managed to
avoid the Great Recession.[87][88][89][90] On November 23, 2009, the
Maguindanao massacre led to the murder of 34 journalists.[91][92] In 2010,
Benigno Aquino III was elected president. During his term, the Bangsamoro peace
deal was signed while territorial disputes in North Borneo and the South China
Sea escalated.[93][94][95][96] Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) struck in 2013.[97]
Politics and government
Main articles: Politics of the Philippines, President of
the Philippines and Constitution of the Philippines
Benigno S. Aquino III, the current and 15th president of
the Republic of the Philippines
The Philippines has a democratic government in the form
of a constitutional republic with a presidential system.[98] It is governed as
a unitary state with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
which is largely free from the national government. There have been attempts to
change the government to a federal, unicameral, or parliamentary government
since the Ramos administration.[99][100]
MILF Fighter |
The President functions as both head of state and head of
government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is
elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she
appoints and presides over the cabinet.[101] The bicameral Congress is composed
of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year
term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with
members elected to a three-year term. The senators are elected at large while
the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through
sectoral representation.[101] The judicial power is vested in the Supreme
Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen
associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations
submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[101]
Security and defense
Main articles: Armed Forces of the Philippines and
Philippine National Police
BRP Gregorio del Pilar (PF-15), a Hamilton-class cutter
of the Philippine Navy.
Philippine defense is handled by the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and is composed of three branches: the Air Force, the Army, and the
Navy (including the Marine Corps).[102][103][104] Civilian security is handled
by Philippine National Police under the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG).[105][106]
In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, the largest
separatist organization, the Moro National Liberation Front, is now engaging the
government politically. Other more militant groups like the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front, the communist New People's Army, and the Abu Sayyaf still
roam the provinces, but their presence has decreased in recent years due to
successful security provided by the Philippine government.[107][108]
The Philippines has been an ally of the United States
since World War II. A mutual defense treaty between the two countries was
signed in 1951. The Philippines supported American policies during the Cold War
and participated in the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was a member of the now
dissolved SEATO, a group that was intended to serve a role similar to NATO and
that included Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.[109] After the start of the War on Terror, the
Philippines was part of the coalition that gave support to the United States in
Iraq.[110]
International relations
Main article: Foreign relations of the Philippines
The Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C., United
States.
The Philippines' international relations are based on
trade with other nations and the well-being of the 11 million overseas
Filipinos living outside the country.[111] As a founding and active member of
the United Nations, the Philippines has been elected several times into the
Security Council. Carlos P. Romulo was a former President of the United Nations
General Assembly. The country is an active participant in the Human Rights
Council as well as in peacekeeping missions, particularly in East
Timor.[112][113][114]
In addition to membership in the United Nations, the
country is also a founding and active member of ASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations), an organization designed to strengthen relations and promote
economic and cultural growth among states in the Southeast Asian region.[115]
It has hosted several summits and is an active contributor to the direction and
policies of the bloc.[116]
The Philippines values its relations with the United
States.[111] It supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on
Terror and is a major non-NATO ally. Despite this history of goodwill,
controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in
Subic Bay and Clark and the current Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up
from time to time.[111] Japan, the biggest contributor of official development
assistance to the country,[117] is thought of as a friend. Although historical
tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of comfort women, much of the
animosity inspired by memories of World War II have faded.[118]
Relations with other nations are generally positive.
Shared democratic values ease relations with Western and European countries
while similar economic concerns help in relations with other developing
countries. Historical ties and cultural similarities also serve as a bridge in
relations with Spain.[119][120][121] Despite issues such as domestic abuse and
war affecting overseas Filipino workers,[122][123] relations with Middle
Eastern countries are friendly as seen in the continuous employment of more
than two million overseas Filipinos living there.[124][125]
With communism no longer the threat it once was, once
hostile relations in the 1950s between the Philippines and China have improved
greatly. Issues involving Taiwan, the Spratly Islands, and concerns of
expanding Chinese influence, however, still encourage a degree of caution.[118]
Recent foreign policy has been mostly about economic relations with its
Southeast Asian and Asia-Pacific neighbors.[111]
The Philippines is an active member of the East Asia
Summit (EAS), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union,
the Group of 24, and the Non-Aligned Movement.[101] It is also seeking to
strengthen relations with Islamic countries by campaigning for observer status
in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.[126][127]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of the Philippines
The Philippines is divided into three island groups:
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These are divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces,
144 cities, 1,491 municipalities, and 42,028 barangays.[128] In addition,
Section 2 of Republic Act No. 5446 asserts that the definition of the
territorial sea around the Philippine archipelago does not affect the claim
over Sabah.[129]
A clickable map of the Philippines exhibiting its 17
regions and 80 provinces.
A clickable map of
the Philippines exhibiting its 17 regions and 81 provinces.
About this image
Region Designation Regional Center
Ilocos Region Region
I San Fernando, La Union
Cagayan Valley Region
II Tuguegarao
Central Luzon Region
III San Fernando, Pampanga
CALABARZON (Southern Tagalog Mainland) Region IV-A Calamba
MIMAROPA (Southern Tagalog Islands) Region IV-B Calapan
Bicol Region Region
V Legazpi
Western Visayas Region
VI Iloilo City
Central Visayas Region
VII Cebu City
Eastern Visayas Region
VIII Tacloban
Zamboanga Peninsula Region
IX Pagadian[130][131]
Northern Mindanao Region
X Cagayan de Oro
Davao Region Region
XI Davao City
SOCCSKSARGEN (Cotabato Region) Region XII Koronadal
Caraga Region
XIII Butuan
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM Cotabato
City
Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Baguio
National Capital Region NCR Manila
Geography
Main article: Geography of the Philippines
The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands[101]
with a total land area, including inland bodies of water, of approximately
300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).[132] Its 36,289 kilometers (22,549
mi) of coastline makes it the country with the 5th longest coastline in the
world.[101][133] It is located between 116° 40', and 126° 34' E. longitude and
4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude and is bordered by the Philippine Sea to the
east, the South China Sea to the west, and the Celebes Sea to the south. The
island of Borneo is located a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan is
located directly to the north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are located to the
south-southwest and Palau is located to the east of the islands.[101]
Most of the mountainous islands are covered in tropical
rainforest and volcanic in origin. The highest mountain is Mount Apo. It
measures up to 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level and is located on the island
of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point
in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the
Philippine Sea. The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon.
Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is
connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig
River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays.
The San Juanico Strait separates the islands of Samar and Leyte but it is
traversed by the San Juanico Bridge.[134]
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming to grow crops in
the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines.
Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific Ring of
Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The
Benham Plateau to the east in the Philippine Sea is an undersea region active
in tectonic subduction.[135] Around 20 earthquakes are registered daily, though
most are too weak to be felt. The last major earthquake was the 1990 Luzon
earthquake.[136] There are many active volcanoes such as the Mayon Volcano,
Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991
produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.[137] Not
all notable geographic features are so violent or destructive. A more serene
legacy of the geological disturbances is the Puerto Princesa Subterranean
River, the area represents a habitat for biodiversity conservation, the site
also contains a full mountain-to-the-sea ecosystem and has some of the most
important forests in Asia.[138]
Due to the volcanic nature of the islands, mineral
deposits are abundant. The country is estimated to have the second-largest gold
deposits after South Africa and one of the largest copper deposits in the
world.[139] It is also rich in nickel, chromite, and zinc. Despite this, poor
management, high population density, and environmental consciousness have
resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.[139] Geothermal
energy, however, is another product of volcanic activity that the country has
harnessed more successfully. The Philippines is the world's second-biggest
geothermal producer behind the United States, with 18% of the country's
electricity needs being met by geothermal power.[140]
Flora and fauna
Main article: Wildlife of the Philippines
See also: List of threatened species of the Philippines
Matinloc Island in El Nido, Palawan
The Philippines' rainforests and its extensive coastlines
make it home to a diverse range of birds, plants, animals, and sea
creatures.[141] It is one of the ten most biologically megadiverse countries
and is at or near the top in terms of biodiversity per unit
area.[142][143][144] Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the
Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 170 bird species not thought
to exist elsewhere.[145] The Philippines has among the highest rates of
discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the
last ten years. Because of this, the rate of endemism for the Philippines has
risen and likely will continue to rise.[146]
Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta), one of the
smallest primates.
The Philippines lacks large predators, with the exception
of snakes, such as pythons and cobras, saltwater crocodiles and birds of prey,
such as the national bird, known as the Philippine Eagle, which scientists
suggest as the largest eagle in the world.[147][148] The largest crocodile in
captivity was captured in the southern island of Mindanao.[149] Other native
animals include the palm civet cat, the dugong, and the Philippine tarsier
associated with Bohol. With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country,
3,200 of which are unique to the islands,[145] Philippine rainforests boast an
array of flora, including many rare types of orchids and rafflesia.[150][151]
Philippine maritime waters encompass as much as 2,200,000
square kilometers (849,425 sq mi) producing unique and diverse marine life and
are an important part of the Coral Triangle.[129] The total number of corals
and marine fish species was estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.[141][145]
However, new records[152][153] and species discoveries[154][155] continuously
increase these numbers underlining the uniqueness of the marine resources in
the Philippines. The Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea was declared a World
Heritage Site in 1993. Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of
pearls, crabs, and seaweeds.[141][156]
Deforestation, often the result of illegal logging, is an
acute problem in the Philippines. Forest cover declined from 70% of the
country's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.[157] Many species are
endangered and scientists say that Southeast Asia, which the Philippines is
part of, faces a catastrophic extinction rate of 20% by the end of the 21st
century.[158] According to Conservation International, "the country is one
of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a hotspot and a megadiversity
country, placing it among the top priority hotspots for global
conservation."[150]
Climate
Main article: Climate of the Philippines
Typhoon Megi (also known as Juan) over the Philippines
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate and is
usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: tag-init or tag-araw, the hot
dry season or summer from March to May; tag-ulan, the rainy season from June to
November; and tag-lamig, the cool dry season from December to February. The southwest
monsoon (from May to October) is known as the Habagat, and the dry winds of the
northeast monsoon (from November to April), the Amihan.[159] Temperatures
usually range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) although it can get cooler or
hotter depending on the season. The coolest month is January; the warmest is
May.[101][160]
The average yearly temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9
°F).[159] In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and
longitude is not a significant factor. Whether in the extreme north, south,
east, or west of the country, temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same
range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature
of Baguio at an elevation of 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level is 18.3 °C
(64.9 °F), making it a popular destination during hot summers.[159]
Sitting astride the typhoon belt, most of the islands
experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October,[161]
with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility in
a typical year and eight or nine making landfall.[162][163][164] Annual
rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) in the mountainous east
coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some of the sheltered
valleys.[161] The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was
the July 1911 cyclone, which dropped over 1,168 millimeters (46.0 in) of
rainfall within a 24-hour period in Baguio.[165] Bagyo is the local term for a
tropical cyclone in the Philippines.[165]
Economy
Main article: Economy of the Philippines
The national economy of the Philippines is the 39th
largest in the world, with an estimated 2013 gross domestic product (nominal)
of $272.207 billion.[7] Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic
products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products,
coconut oil, and fruits.[5] Major trading partners include the United States,
Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany,
Taiwan, and Thailand.[5] Its unit of currency is the Philippine peso (₱ or
PHP). The Philippines is classified as a middle power.[166]
Makati, in Metro Manila, is the country's leading
financial center. (2009)
A newly industrialized country, the Philippine economy
has been transitioning from one based on agriculture to one based more on
services and manufacturing. Of the country's total labor force of around 40.813
Million,[5] the agricultural sector employs close to 32% but contributes to
only about 14% of GDP. The industrial sector employs around 14% of the
workforce and accounts for 30% of GDP. Meanwhile the 47% of workers involved in
the services sector are responsible for 56% of GDP.[167][168]
The unemployment rate as of January 2013 stands at around
6.9%[169] and the inflation rate as of May 13 was at 3.2%.[170] Gross
international reserves as of October 2013 are $83.201 billion.[171] In 2004,
public debt as a percentage of GDP was estimated to be 74.2% but in 2008 it
fell to 56.9%.[5] and in 2012, 40.2%.[172] The country is a net importer[168]
but it is also a creditor nation.[173]
After World War II, the country was for a time regarded
as the second wealthiest in East Asia, next only to Japan.[111][174][175]
However, by the 1960s its economic performance started being overtaken. The
economy stagnated under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos as the regime
spawned economic mismanagement and political volatility.[111][175] The country
suffered from slow economic growth and bouts of economic recession. Only in the
1990s with a program of economic liberalization did the economy begin to
recover.[111][175] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis affected the economy,
resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the
stock market. But the extent it was affected initially was not as severe as
that of some of its Asian neighbors. This was largely due to the fiscal
conservatism of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and
fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in comparison to
the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic
growth.[82] There have been signs of progress since. In 2004, the economy
experienced 6.4% GDP growth and 7.1% in 2007, its fastest pace of growth in
three decades.[176][177] Average annual GDP growth per capita for the period
1966–2007 still stands at 1.45% in comparison to an average of 5.96% for the
East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole and the daily income for 45% of the
population of the Philippines remains less than $2.[178][179][180]
Other incongruities and challenges exist. The economy is
heavily reliant on remittances which surpass foreign direct investment as a
source of foreign currency. Regional development is uneven with Luzon – Metro
Manila in particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense
of the other regions,[181] although the government has taken steps to
distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the
country. Despite constraints, service industries such as tourism and business
process outsourcing have been identified as areas with some of the best
opportunities for growth for the country.[168][182]
Goldman Sachs includes the country in its list of the
"Next Eleven" economies.[183] but China and India have emerged as
major economic competitors.[184] Goldman Sachs estimates that by the year 2050,
it will be the 14th largest economy in the world. HSBC also projects the Philippine
economy to become the 16th largest economy in the world, 5th largest economy in
Asia and the largest economy in the South East Asian region by 2050.[185] The
Philippines is a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the
World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asian Development Bank which is
headquartered in Mandaluyong, the Colombo Plan, the G-77, and the G-24 among
other groups and institutions.[5]
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in the Philippines
Blue and white jeepney with a green and white bus behind
it
A jeepney and a bus, common forms of public transport in
the Philippines
Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) is the primary
international airport of the Philippines
The transportation infrastructure in the country is relatively
underdeveloped. Partly this is due to the mountainous terrain and the scattered
geography of the islands, but it is also the result of the government's
persistent underinvestment in infrastructure. In 2003, only 3.6% of GDP went to
infrastructure development which was significantly lower than that of some of
its neighbors.[161] Consequently, while there are 203,025 kilometers (126,154
mi) of roads in the country, only around 20% of the total is paved.[186] The
current administration under President Benigno Aquino III has been pushing to
improve the country's infrastructure and transportation systems through various
projects.[187]
Nevertheless there are many ways to get around,
especially in urban areas. Buses, jeepneys, taxis, and motorized tricycles are
commonly available in major cities and towns. In 2007, there were about 5.53
million registered motor vehicles with registration increasing at an average
annual rate of 4.55%.[188]
Air
Main articles: List of airports in the Philippines and
List of the busiest airports in the Philippines
Airports in the country under the Civil Aviation
Authority of the Philippines may be classified as International Airports,
Domestic(Principal Class-1 or Principal Class-2) or Community Airports.
Currently, 85 public airports serves the country of which 12 are international,
32 are Domestic, and 41 are community[189] The Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA) is the main international airport serving Metro Manila along
with Clark International Airport while the Laoag International Airport and
Puerto Princesa International Airport serves the remaining Luzon Region.
Airports that serves international flights from the Visayan region are
Mactan-Cebu International Airport, Iloilo International Airport, Kalibo
International Airport and the Bacolod-Silay International Airport. The
Francisco Bangoy International Airport, Zamboanga International Airport and the
General Santos International Airport serves the Mindanao Region. Philippine
Airlines, Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original
name, and Cebu Pacific, the leading low-cost airline, are the major airlines
serving most domestic and international destinations.[190][191][192]
Road
Main articles: Highways in the Philippines and List of
expressways in the Philippines
South Luzon Expressway with PNR tracks and Metro Manila
Skyway.
South Luzon Expressway with PNR tracks and Metro Manila
Skyway.
Roads and Highways in the Philippines are classified into
six divisions: the National Highways, the Expressways, the Regional Highways,
the Provincial Highways, the Manila Arterial Road System, and the secondary
city and municipal avenues and roads. The expressways and highways in the
country are mostly located on the island of Luzon including the Maharlika
Highway, also known as Asian Highway Highway 26, connects the islands of Luzon,
Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao in the country.[193][194] North Luzon Expressway
connects Metro Manila to the Central Luzon while South Luzon Expressway
connects to the CALABARZON. Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway connects the economic
zones of Luisita, Tarlac; Clarkfield, Pampanga and Subic Bay, Zambales.
Manila–Cavite Expressway connects to the province of Cavite. Southern Tagalog
Arterial Road connects SLEx to Batangas. Metro Manila Skyway is an elevated
highway serving southern Metro Manila area. The Cebu Trans-Axial Expressway is
also planned to be constructed in Cebu to connect the whole province of
Cebu.[195] Many expressways are still under construction to boost the economy
growth including the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway of which the first
phase is already completed,[196] is expected to connect Central Luzon to Ilocos
Region, the Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike, and the Cavite–Laguna Expressway.
Rail
Main article: Rail transport in the Philippines
PNR Metro Commuter Line Train at Sucat Station
PNR Metro Commuter Line Hyundai Rotem DMU at Sucat
Station.
Train services are provided by three main railway
networks that serve different areas of Metro Manila and parts of Luzon: the
Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT-1 and MRT-2),[197][198] the Manila Metro
Rail Transit System (MRT-3),[199] and the Philippine National Railways
(PNR).[200][201]
Secretary Mario Montejo of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) has set the goal of developing three types of train systems,
in varying sizes, to answer the county's mass transport needs. The first train
system is presently being tested on two test tracks at the U.P. Campus in
Diliman and the DOST grounds in Bicutan. It is called the Automated Guideway
Transit (AGT). It is an electric powered, fully automated driverless train that
has a capacity of 120 passengers per coach and a top speed of 60 km/hour.
The Hybrid Electric Road Train is the second type of train
system under development. With a maximum capacity of 70 people per coach and
four coaches per unit. It runs on ground level and not on elevated tracks so it
can readily be commissioned in just a matter of months. And just like the AGT,
it also runs on electric power. The third project is a full-scale passenger
Train. The new trains will will be capable of running at top speeds of 90
km/hour. The prototype will also be ready by mid-2014. The electric motors are
sourced from Germany, while the suspension system comes from Japan; However,
the rest of the components are Philippine-made.[202]
Water
Main article: List of ports in the Philippines
As an archipelago, inter-island travel via watercraft is
often necessary. The busiest seaports are Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Davao, Cagayan
de Oro, and Zamboanga.[203] Passenger ships and other sea vessels such as those
operated by 2GO Travel and Sulpicio Lines serve Manila, with links to various
cities and towns. In 2003, the 919-kilometer (571 mi) Strong Republic Nautical
Highway (SRNH), an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering
17 cities was established.[204] Some rivers that pass through metropolitan
areas, such as the Pasig River and Marikina River, have air-conditioned
commuter ferries. The Pasig River Ferry Service has numerous stops in Manila,
Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina.[205]
Conflic map area |
Communications
Main articles: Communications in the Philippines,
Internet in the Philippines and Social networking in the Philippines
The Philippines has a sophisticated cellular phone
industry and a high concentration of users.[206] Text messaging is a popular
form of communication, and in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion
SMS messages per day.[207] Over five million mobile phone users also use their
phones as virtual wallets, making it a leader among developing nations in
providing financial transactions over cellular networks.[208] The Philippine
Long Distance Telephone Company commonly known as PLDT is the leading
telecommunications provider. It is also the largest company in the
country.[206][209] There are approximately 383 AM and 659 FM radio stations and
297 television and 873 cable television stations.[210] Estimates for internet
penetration in the Philippines vary widely ranging from a low of 2.5 million to
a high of 24 million people.[211][212] Social networking and watching videos
are among the most frequent internet activities.[213]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of the Philippines, Filipino
people and Overseas Filipino
The population of the Philippines increased from 1990 to
2008 by approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in that time frame.[214] The
first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a
population of 5,567,685.[215] As of 2013, the Philippines has become the
world's 12th most populous nation, with a population of over 100 million.[216]
It is estimated that half of the population resides on the island of Luzon. The
population growth rate between 1995 to 2000 of 3.21% decreased to an estimated
1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period, but remains a contentious issue.[217][218]
The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years
old.[5] Life expectancy at birth is 71.94 years, 75.03 years for females and
68.99 years for males.[219] There are about 12 million Filipinos outside the
Philippines.[220] Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in
1965, the number of people in the United States having Filipino ancestry has
grown substantially. In 2007 there were an estimated [221][222] 12 million
Filipinos living overseas.[223]
According to the official count, the population of
Philippines hit 100 million at the time of midnight on July 27, 2014, made the
country become 12th country which has over 100 million.[6]
Cities
Main article: Cities of the Philippines
Metro Manila is the most populous of the 12 defined
metropolitan areas in the Philippines and the 11th most populous in the world.
As of the 2007 census, it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the
national population.[224] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (Bulacan,
Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the population is around 21
million.[224][225]
Metro Manila's gross regional product is estimated as of
July 2009 to be ₱468.4 billion (at constant 1985 prices) and accounts for 33%
of the nation's GDP.[226] In 2011, it ranked as the 28th wealthiest urban
agglomeration in the world and the 2nd in Southeast Asia, according to
PricewaterhouseCoopers.[227]
v t e
Largest cities or towns of the Philippines
Philippines 2010 Census
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
1 Quezon City National Capital Region 2,761,720 11 Parañaque National
Capital Region 588,126
2 Manila National Capital Region 1,652,171 12 Dasmariñas CALABARZON 575,817
3 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,489,040 13 Valenzuela National
Capital Region 575,356
4 Davao City Davao Region 1,449,296 14 Las Piñas National
Capital Region 552,573
5 Cebu City Central Visayas 866,171 15 General Santos SOCCSKSARGEN 538,086
6 Zamboanga
City Zamboanga Peninsula 807,129 16 Makati National
Capital Region 529,039
7 Antipolo CALABARZON 677,741 17 Bacoor CALABARZON 520,216
8 Pasig National Capital Region 669,773 18 Bacolod Western
Visayas 511,820
9 Taguig National Capital Region 644,473 19 Muntinlupa National
Capital Region 459,941
10 Cagayan de
Oro Northern Mindanao 602,088 20 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 454,553
Ethnicity
Main article: Ethnic groups of the Philippines
Ethnic groups per province
According to the 2000 census, 28.1% of Filipinos are
Tagalog, 13.1% Cebuano, 9% Ilocano, 7.6% Bisaya/Binisaya, 7.5% Hiligaynon, 6%
Bikol, 3.4% Waray, and 25.3% as "others",[5][228] which can be broken
down further to yield more distinct non-tribal groups like the Moro, the
Kapampangan, the Pangasinense, the Ibanag, and the Ivatan.[229] There are also
indigenous peoples like the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Bajau, and the
tribes of Palawan.[230] Negritos, such as the Aeta and the Ati, are considered
among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.[231]
Filipinos generally belong to several Asian ethnic groups
classified linguistically as part of the Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian
speaking people.[230] It is believed that thousands of years ago
Austronesian-speaking Taiwanese aborigines migrated to the Philippines from
Taiwan, bringing with them knowledge of agriculture and ocean-sailing,
eventually displacing the earlier Negrito groups of the islands.[232] The two
most important non-indigenous minorities include the Chinese and the Spaniards.
Chinese Filipinos, mostly descendants of immigrants from Fujian-China after
1898, number 2 million, although there is an estimated 18 million Filipinos who
have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial Chinese migrants.[233]
Intermarriage between the groups is evident in the major cities and urban
areas.[234] Furthermore, at least, one-third of the population of Luzon as well
as a few old settlements in the Visayas and Zamboanga City at Mindanao, have
Hispanic ancestry (From varying points of origin; ranging from Latin-America
and Spain).[235] Descendants of such mixed couples are known as mestizos.[236]
Language
Main article: Languages of the Philippines
Top five native languages (Ethnologue, 2013)[237][238]
Language Speakers in millions
Tagalog/Filipino[239]
52
Cebuano[240]
16
Ilokano
7
Hiligaynon
6
Bikol
5
Ethnologue lists 175 individual languages in the
Philippines, 171 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any
known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the
Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is itself a branch of the Austronesian
language family.[230] The only non-Austronesian language indigenous to the
Philippines is Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole. According to the 1987
Philippine Constitution, Filipino and English are the official languages.
Filipino is a standardized version of Tagalog, spoken mainly in Metro Manila
and other urban regions. Both Filipino and English are used in government,
education, print, broadcast media, and business. The constitution mandates that
Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.[11]
Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official
languages used as mediums of instruction: Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano,
Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao,
Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray-Waray, and
Yakan.[3] Other indigenous languages such as, Cuyonon, Ifugao, Itbayat,
Kalinga, Kamayo, Kankanaey, Masbateño, Romblomanon, and several Visayan
languages are prevalent in their respective provinces. The Chavacano language,
a creole language born from Spanish (of the Mexican and Peruvian strain), is
also spoken in Cavite and Zamboanga.[241] Languages not indigenous to the
islands are also taught in select schools. Mandarin is used in Chinese schools
catering to the Chinese Filipino community. Islamic schools in Mindanao teach
Modern Standard Arabic in their curriculum.[242] French, German, Japanese,
Korean, Spanish are taught with the help of foreign linguistic
institutions.[243] The Department of Education began teaching the Malay
languages Indonesian and Malaysian in 2013.[244]
Religion
Main article: Religion in the Philippines
2010 Religion in the Philippines
Religions
Roman Catholic
86.6%
Islam
4.6%
Protestants
1.35%
Evangelical Christians
2.7%
Iglesia ni Cristo
2.45%
Other Religions
4.29%
Atheists and Agnostics
0.08%
In 2014 Philippines in Figures by the National Statistics
Office.
The Philippines is a secular nation with a constitutional
separation of church and state. As a result of Spanish cultural influence, the
Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the
other being East Timor, a former Portuguese colony. More than 90% of the
population are Christians: about 80.6% belong to the Roman Catholic Church
while 9.5% belong to Protestant Christian denominations, such as the Iglesia ni
Cristo, the Philippine Independent Church, United Church of Christ in the
Philippines (a mainline Protestant United Church), and Jehovah's Witnesses.[245]
As of 2012 Muslims were a minority reported as comprising
5–11% of the population,[246] most of whom live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan,
and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as Bangsamoro or the Moro
region.[247][248] Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different
parts of the country. Most Muslim Filipinos practice Sunni Islam according to
the Shafi'i school.[38] There are some Ahmadiyya Muslims in the country.[249]
Philippine traditional religions are still practiced by an estimated 2% of the
population,[250][251] made up of many aboriginal and tribal groups. These
religions are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam. Animism, folk
religion, and shamanism remain present as undercurrents of mainstream religion,
through the albularyo, the babaylan, and the manghihilot. Buddhism is practiced
by 1% of the populations,[250][251] and together with Taoism and Chinese folk
religion it is dominant in Chinese communities.[248] There are smaller number
of followers of Hinduism, Sikhism, and Judaism and Baha'i.[252] Less than one
percent of the population is non-religious.[250][251]
Education
Main article: Education in the Philippines
The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has
the oldest extant university charter in Asia.
The National Statistics Office reports a simple literacy
rate of 93.4% and a functional literacy rate of 84.1% for 2003.[5][168][178]
Literacy is about equal for males and females.[5] Spending for education is
around 2.5% of GDP.[5] The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) lists 2,180
higher education institutions, 607 of which are public and 1,573 private.[253]
Classes start in June and end in March. The majority of colleges and
universities follow a semester calendar from June to October and November to
March. There are a number of foreign schools with study programs.[101] Republic
Act No. 9155 gives the framework of basic education in the Philippines and
provides for compulsory elementary education and free high school
education.[254]
Several government agencies are involved with education.
The Department of Education covers elementary, secondary, and nonformal
education; the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
administers the post-secondary middle-level education training and development;
and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) supervises the college and
graduate academic programs and degrees as well as regulates standards in higher
education. In 2004, madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide mainly
in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of
Education.[255] Public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are
further classified as State University and College (SUC) or Local College and
University (LCU).[253] The University of the Philippines is the national
university of the Philippines.[256]
Health
Main articles: Health in the Philippines and List of
hospitals in the Philippines
Most of the national burden of health care is taken up by
private health providers. In 2006, total expenditures on health represented
3.8% of GDP. 67.1% of that came from private expenditures while 32.9% was from
government. External resources accounted for 2.9% of the total. Health
expenditures represented about 6.1% of total government spending. Per capita
total expenditure at average exchange rate was $52.[257] The proposed national
health budget for 2010 is ₱28 billion (about $597 million) or ₱310 ($7) per
person.[258]
There are an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every
833 people, 480,910 nurses, 43,220 dentists, and 1 hospital bed per every 769
people.[257] Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem. 70% of nursing
graduates go overseas to work. The country is the biggest supplier of
nurses.[259] In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals, of which about 40% were
government-run and 60% private. Cardiovascular diseases account for more than
25% of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had developed acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other estimates have as many as 12,000 people
living with HIV/AIDS in 2005.[260]
Culture
Main articles: Festivals of the Philippines, Culture of
the Philippines, Literature of the Philippines, Music of the Philippines and
Original Pilipino Music
Percussion instruments that make up the Philippine
kulintang ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition
Philippine culture is a combination of Eastern and
Western cultures. The Philippines exhibits aspects found in other Asian
countries with a Malay[261] heritage, yet its culture also displays a
significant amount of Spanish and American influences. Traditional festivities
known as barrio fiestas (district festivals) to commemorate the feast days of
patron saints are common.
The Moriones Festival and Sinulog Festival are a couple
of the most well-known. These community celebrations are times for feasting,
music, and dancing. Some traditions, however, are changing or gradually being
forgotten due to modernization. The Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance
Company has been lauded for preserving many of the various traditional folk
dances found throughout the Philippines. They are famed for their iconic
performances of Philippine dances such as the tinikling and singkil that both
feature the use of clashing bamboo poles.[262]
Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan where the First
Philippine Republic was founded.
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the
prevalence of Spanish names and surnames among Filipinos. However, a Spanish
name and surname does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This
peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial
decree, the Clavería edict, for the systematic distribution of family names and
implementation of the Spanish naming system on the population.[263] The names
of many streets, towns, and provinces are also in Spanish. Spanish architecture
has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed
around a central square or plaza mayor, but many of the buildings bearing its
influence were demolished during World War II.[29] Some examples remain, mainly
among the country's churches, government buildings, and universities. Four
Philippine baroque churches are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage
Sites: the San Agustín Church in Manila, the Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte, the
Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Santa María) Church in Ilocos Sur, and the Santo
Tomás de Villanueva Church in Iloilo.[264] Vigan in Ilocos Sur is also known
for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.[265]
The common use of the English language is an example of
the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the ready
acceptance and influence of American pop cultural trends. This affinity is seen
in Filipinos' love of fast food and Western film and music. Fast food outlets
are found on many street corners. American global fast food chain stalwarts
have entered the market, but local fast food chains like Goldilocks and most
notably Jollibee, the leading fast food chain in the country, have emerged and
compete successfully against their foreign rivals.[266][267]
Cuisine
Main article: Philippine cuisine
The halo-halo is a dessert made of ice, milk, various
fruits, and ice cream.
Adobo, the national dish of the Philippines
Philippine cuisine has evolved over several centuries
from its Malayo-Polynesian origins to become a mixed cuisine with many
Hispanic, Chinese, American, and other Asian influences that have been adapted
to local ingredients and the Filipino palate to create distinctively Filipino
dishes. Dishes range from the very simple, like a meal of fried salted fish and
rice, to the elaborate, such as the paellas and cocidos created for fiestas.
Popular dishes include lechón, adobo, sinigang, kare-kare, tapa, crispy pata,
pancit, lumpia, and halo-halo. Some common local ingredients used in cooking
are calamondins, coconuts, saba (a kind of short wide plantain), mangoes,
milkfish, and fish sauce. Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors but
the cuisine is not as spicy as those of its neighbors.[267][268]
Unlike many of their Asian counterparts, Filipinos do not
eat with chopsticks; they use Western cutlery. However, possibly due to rice
being the primary staple food and the popularity of a large number of stews and
main dishes with broth in Philippine cuisine, the main pairing of utensils seen
at the Filipino dining table is that of spoon and fork, not knife and
fork.[269] The traditional way of eating with the hands known as kamayan is
seen more often in less urbanized areas.[270]
Literature
Main articles: Philippine literature, Philippine
mythology and Deities of Philippine mythology
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily
through the traditional oral folk literature of the Filipino people. While each
unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell, Hindu and Spanish
influences can nonetheless be detected in many cases. Philippine mythology
mostly consists of creation stories or stories about supernatural creatures,
such as the aswang, the manananggal, the diwata/engkanto, and nature. Some
popular figures from Philippine mythologies are Maria Makiling, Lam-Ang, and
the Sarimanok.[271]
Philippine literature comprises works usually written in
Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created in the 19th
century. Francisco Balagtas the poet and playwright who wrote Florante at Laura
is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Filipino language. José Rizal wrote
the novels Noli Me Tángere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The
Filibustering, also known as The Reign of Greed) and is considered a national
hero.[272] His depiction of the injustices of Spanish rule, and his death by
firing squad, inspired other Philippine revolutionaries to seek
independence.[273]
Media
Main articles: Cinema of the Philippines, Television in
the Philippines, Radio in the Philippines and Philippine drama
Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English. Other
Philippine languages, including various Visayan languages are also used,
especially in radio due to its ability to reach remote rural locations that
might otherwise not be serviced by other kinds of media. The dominant
television networks ABS-CBN, GMA and TV5 also have extensive radio
presence.[274]
The entertainment industry is vibrant and feeds
broadsheets and tabloids with an unending supply of details about celebrities
and sensationalist scandals du jour. Drama and fantasy shows are anticipated as
are Latin telenovelas, Asianovelas, and anime. Daytime television is dominated
by game shows, variety shows, and talk shows such as Eat Bulaga and It's
Showtime.[275] Philippine cinema has a long history and is popular
domestically, but has faced increasing competition from American, Asian and
European films. Critically acclaimed directors and actors include Lino Brocka
and Nora Aunor for films like Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (Manila: In the
Claws of Light) and Himala (Miracle).[276][277][278][279] In recent years it
has become common to see celebrities flitting between television and movies and
then moving into politics provoking concerns.[280]
Sports
Main article: Sports in the Philippines
A PBA basketball game at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, one
of the largest arenas in the world.
Various sports and pastimes are popular in the
Philippines including basketball, boxing, cockfighting, volleyball, football,
badminton, karate, taekwondo, billiards, ten-pin bowling, chess, and sipa.
Motocross, cycling, and mountaineering are also becoming popular. Basketball is
played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most
popular sport in the Philippines.[281][282] In 2010, Manny Pacquiao was named
"Fighter of the Decade" for the 2000s (decade) by the Boxing Writers
Association of America (BWAA), World Boxing Council (WBC), and World Boxing
Organization (WBO).[283]
The Philippines has participated in the Summer Olympic
Games since 1924, making it the first country in Southeast Asia to compete and
win a medal.[284] The country had competed in every Summer Olympic Games since
then, except when they participated in the American-led boycott of the 1980
Summer Olympics.[285] The Philippines is also the first tropical nation to compete
at the Winter Olympics.[286]
Traditional Philippine games such as luksung baka,
patintero, piko, and tumbang preso are still played primarily as children's
games among the youth.[287][288] Sungka is a traditional native Philippine
board game. Card games are popular during festivities, with some, including
pusoy and tong-its, being used as a form of illegal gambling. Mahjong is played
in some Philippine communities. The yo-yo, a popular toy in the Philippines,
was introduced in its modern form by Pedro Flores with its name from the
Ilokano language.[289] Arnis (Eskrima or Kali in some regions) is the national
martial art and sport.[290]
Crime
There have been reports of kidnappings of foreigners by
the rebel group Abu Sayyaf, where victims are held for ransom, particularly in
the southern island of Mindanao.[291][292][293][294][295]
History of Conflict Moro, Southern Philippines
Contemporary studies on × Conflict in Mindanao island,
southern part of the Philippines ×, noting that the conflict occurred early
1970s. much earlier, has actually been an armed conflict in the area, which is
between the Bangsamoro against the invaders × Spanish, who controlled the
Philippines since the mid 16th century until the 19th century. While Northern
Philippines (Luzon and Visayas Island). The name Moro was introduced by the
Spanish colonial government to the People who live in Muslim Mindanao and
Zamboga × were rebelling against Spanish occupation
At the end of the 19th century Spanish power × replaced
by the United States (USA). × entire Philippines, including Mindanao, under the
power of the United States, then the United States established the Philippine ×
make a bunch of rules to recognize the authority of the United States as well
as Land ownership rules. to × Philippines became independent, most people judge
× Moro dominated by Christian groups (Catholic) has made them a minority and marginalized
groups
It is increasingly perceived marginalization caused by
the Philippine × × ignore the law and prevailing wisdom among local Muslim
communities, transmigration program also community from the north (Luzon and
Visayas) to southern Mindanao × serata national rules on ownership of land. the
central government in Manila × addressing the conflict as an expression of
national character × Moro hard and then launched an enforcement operations. In
contrast, the Moro people argue their actions maintaining their Rights, later
evolving attitudes to determine their own fate (right to self-determination) as
a sovereign nation under the system of the Sultanate of Mindanao
Social tensions are becoming more frequent encourages
each group, both the community and the Moro × × immigrants from Luzon, forming
their own armed force. The situation has been aggravated 0leh peruban social,
demographic and economic groups × Muslim Mindanao which is manyoritas (75%)
being a minority (25%) due to the arrival of immigrants from North ×. Fertile
areas that had belonged to the × Moro, now controlled by foreigners, either ×
Nature of Forests, Agriculture and Horticulture ×, very heavy flow kepusat,
while staying or returning to a few × Mindanao, All these changes become a
trigger for the community × Mindanao to take an open and even armed resistance
against the Philippine government http://id-yapuna.blogspot.com/2010/07/sejarah-conflict-moro-in-filipina.html
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see MILF.
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help
improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
This article may contain inappropriate or misinterpreted
citations that do not verify the text. (August 2012)
This article needs attention from an expert on the
subject. (August 2012)
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Participant in Moro insurgency in the Philippines
Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.png
Flag of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Active 1978
– 2014 (As a fighting force)
Ideology Islamic
democracy
Leaders Hadji
Murad Ibrahim
Area of
operations
Southern Philippines
Opponents Philippines
Government of the Philippines 1978 – 2014
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF; Arabic: جبهة تحرير
مورو الإسلامية Jabhat Tahrīr Moro al-ʿIslāmiyyah) is a Moro group located in
the southern Philippines.[1] The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro region
of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan, and other neighbouring
islands.[2]
A Bangsamoro Army trains with an M60 machine gun.
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is a Moro and
Lumad group formed in the 1960s following the Jabidah massacre to achieve
greater Bangsamoro autonomy in the southern Philippines.[3] The MNLF took part
in terrorist attacks and assassinations to achieve their goals.[4][5] The
government in Manila sent troops into the southern Philippines to control the
insurgency. In 1976, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi brokered a negotiation
between the Philippine government and MNLF Leader Nur Misuari which led to the
signing of the MNLF-GRPH Tripoli Agreement of 1976 wherein the MNLF accepted
the Philippine government's offer of semi-autonomy of the regions in
dispute.[6]
The signing of this agreement brought about a serious
rift[7] in MNLF leadership, leading to the formation of a breakaway group in
1977 by Hashim Salamat and 57 MNLF officers. The group was initially known as
"The New Leadership". Misuari expelled Salamat in December 1977,
after which Salamat moved his new organization first to Cairo, Egypt and then,
in 1980, to Lahore, Pakistan, where it engaged in diplomatic activities. This
organization was formally established in 1984 as the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front.[6] Muammar Gaddafi became a longstanding supporter of the MILF after its
emergence.[8][9][10]
In January 1987, the MNLF accepted the Philippine
government's offer of semi-autonomy[7] of the regions in dispute, subsequently
leading to the establishment of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. The
MILF, however, refused to accept this offer and continued their insurgency
operations. A general cessation of hostilities between the government in Manila
and the MILF was signed in July 1997 but this agreement was abolished in 2000
by the Philippine Army under the administration of Philippine President Joseph
Estrada. In response, the MILF declared a jihad (strived and struggled) against
the government, its citizens and supporters. Under President Gloria Arroyo, the
government entered into a cease-fire agreement with the MILF and resumed peace
talks.[11]
Despite peace negotiations and the cease-fire agreement,
the MILF attacked government troops in Maguindanao resulting in at least
twenty-three deaths in January 2005. The combined armies of the MILF and Abu
Sayyaf were involved in days of fighting which necessitated government troops
using heavy artillery to engage rebel forces.
The bombing incident in Davao Airport in 2003 which the
Philippine government blamed on MILF members,[12] raised speculation that the
peace negotiations might be ineffectual in bringing peace to Mindanao if the
MILF is unable to control its operatives. The MILF denies ties with terrorist
group Jemaah Islamiyah, although Jemaah Islamiyah is considered to have
provided them with training facilities in areas they control.[13][14] The MILF
also continues to deny connections with Al-Qaeda, though it has admitted to
sending around 600 volunteers to Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and
that Osama Bin Laden sent money to the Philippines, though the group denies
directly receiving any payment.[15]
From June 28 to July 6, 2006, conflict between the MILF
and armed civilian volunteers under Maguindanao Province governor Andal
Ampatuan who were supported by the Philippine Army had been reported. The
fighting began after governor Ampatuan blamed the MILF for a June 23 bomb
attack on his motorcade, which killed five in his entourage. The MILF denied
responsibility, but Ampatuan sent police and civilian volunteers to arrest MILF
members connected to the attack. Four thousand families were reported displaced
by the fighting that followed, which was ended by a cease-fire agreement signed
on July 10 and July 11.[16]
Talks between the MILF and the government collapsed in
2008 after a Supreme Court decision in Sema vs. COMELEC which rejeced a
preliminary accord that would have expanded the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao. In 2011, the MILF withdrew their demands for independence, instead
saying that they would pursue substate status, likened to a U.S. state instead
of independence from the Philippines.[17]
Basilan beheading incident[edit]
Further information: 2007 Basilan beheading incident
Ads by OffersWizard×In March 2007, the Philippine
government offered to recognize the right of self-determination for the Moro
people which it had never done in three decades of conflict.[18] However on
July 12, 2007, Islamic militants in Basilan in the southern Philippines killed
14 marines, beheading 11 of them, while 9 other marines were wounded and about
4 fighters were killed[dubious – discuss]. The fighting took place as the
marines were searching for kidnapped Italian priest, Giancarlo Bossi, on June
10, 2007. A MILF soldier confirmed that some of its members had been involved
in gun battles, despite the MILF peace treaty with the Philippine government.
Mohagher Iqbal, the chief negotiator for the MILF, denied that it was responsible
for the beheadings and the priest's abduction.[19] On July 19, 2007, despite no
ransom being paid, Giancarlo Bossi, who was kidnapped on June 10 in Zamboanga
Sibugay province, was freed. Philippine authorities described his kidnappers as
members of the Abu Sayyaf. Government authorities blamed a renegade commander
of the MILF for Bossi's kidnapping, but it denied any involvement.[20][21]
According to the provincial administrator of Basilan,
more than 900 families have been displaced as a result of the deployment of
soldiers in Basilan in response to the beheading of 11 soldiers of the
Philippine Marines who were killed in an encounter with MILF in Al-Barkah
town.[22] While the MILF owned their responsibility over the death of the 14
soldiers of the Philippine Marines. They describe this as a warning for
trespassing in their territory in Basilan. In previous agreements, the two
groups have negotiated about respecting MILF camps and presence to avoid
conflicts in these areas, an agreement that is prone to violation.[22][22]
Memorandum of× Agreement on Ancestral Domain[edit]
On August 4, 2008, the Supreme Court of the Philippines
issued a temporary restraining order, preventing the Government and the MILF
from officially signing the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain, which
would conclude all dispute and begin formal talks that would lead to the
drafting and eventual signing of a Final Comprehensive Compact between the two
groups.[23] The Court accepted motions by the southern provincial governments
that object to the extended boundaries for the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao envisioned in the peace deal. The MOA-AD would have allowed the Moro
people gained control of the region under the concept of human rights with the
right to establish a police force and to control natural resources.[24]
The MOA-AD was initialed by former governor and peace
panel chair Rodolfo García and Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
Hermogenes Esperon and MILF peace panel chair Mohagher Iqbal on July 27 in Malaysia.
It was scheduled for formal signing on August 5, but the Supreme Court issued
no negotiation preventing the executive department from signing the
agreement.[25] The MOA-AD is the last of several agenda items under the 2001
agreement of the GRP-MILF. after security and relief and rehabilitation, prior
to the discussion on the political settlement.[25]
The Young Moro Professionals Network (YMPN) appealed to
the public not to be afraid of the MOA-AD and to "open your hearts to the
Moro grievance".[26] The YMPN said in a statement dated August 21:
"In these times of hardship, we hold hands as one,
with our Christian and Islamic neighbours, in the name of peace, acceptance and
justice. We are committed to a democratic and peaceful resolution of the conflict.
Do not be afraid of the MOA-AD. To the national public, open your hearts to the
Moro grievance.[26] "
Over the next month, several MILF commanders were tagged
by government officials as having initiated an offensive campaign. This was
responded by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, which immediately deployed
ten battalions composed of a total of 6,000 soldiers into Mindanao under the
command of Lt. Gen. Cardozo Luna.[27] The violence displaced over 600,000
people and left about 300 dead.[28]
On October 14, 2008, the Court conducted a series of
divided votes declared "contrary to law and the Constitution" the
MOA-AD of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and Moro Islamic
Liberation Front Tripoli Agreement of Peace on 2001. The document of Conchita
Carpio-Morales ruled: "In sum, the Presidential Adviser on the Peace
Process committed grave abuse of discretion when he failed to carry out the
pertinent consultation process. The furtive process by which the MOA-AD was
designed and crafted runs contrary to and in excess of the legal authority and
amounts to a whimsical, capricious, oppressive, arbitrary and despotic exercise
thereof. It illustrates a gross evasion of positive duty and a virtual refusal
to perform the duty enjoined."[29][30][31]
Civil society organizations such as Consortium of
Bangsamoro Civil Society had submitted a Motion for Reconsideration. However,
the Supreme Court affirmed its October 14 ruling that declared unconstitutional
the initialed MOA-AD between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front on November 21, 2008.[25]
MILF soldiers offered to help free the× Irish priest
father Michael Sinott, who was kidnapped in the× Philippines on October 14,
2009 and sought permission to deploy about 100 of its soldiers in the area
where× Sinnott is believed to be held. However it was turned down by the×
Philippine government.
Modification of demands[edit]
On September 23, 2010, Mohagher Iqbal said that the MILF
will pursue a substate, likened to a U.S. state, instead of independence from
the Philippines. The Muslim substate will not exercise power over national
defense, foreign affairs, currency and coinage, and postal services, which the
central government exercises. Igbal further added that the substate will not
have its own armed forces but instead will have troops for internal
security.[32]
Peace talks[edit]
Main article: Peace process with the Bangsamoro in the
Philippines
[icon] This section
requires expansion. (July 2013)
On October 7, 2012, President Benigno Aquino announced a
peace deal with the MILF and that "This framework agreement paves the way
for a final and enduring peace in Mindanao". MILF Vice Chairman Ghazali
Jaafar is quoted as saying "We are very happy. We thank the president for
this." The deal was signed on October 15, 2012. Its aim is to pave the way
to enduring peace between the two parties by officially envisaging an autonomous
region in Mindanao.[33] According to the framework, this semi-independent
Muslim area would have a more just share of revenues from the extraction of its
own plentiful resources, budgetary autonomy, its own police, and sharia law
only for Muslims.[34] In exchange for this, the MILF will stop armed movements
against the government for autonomy and will allow the national government to
retain its control of national security and foreign policy.[35] The autonomy
agreement to be gradually implemented will also rename the region Bangsamoro
after the Moro people.[36]
Chief peace negotiator Miriam Coronel-Ferrer said that
the government was cautiously optimistic for a final agreement soon following
six days of talks on 13 July 2013. He said: "This signing indicates that
both sides are really committed to finish the peace negotiations. Nobody wants
this not to reach its fruition." The agreement would see government
allowances for the MILF to have a 75 percent share of earnings from natural
resources and metallic minerals in a proposed autonomous region. For other
energy resources, earnings would be split equally in accordance with
Malaysia-brokered talks.[37]
Peace agreement[edit]
On January 24, 2014, Philippine government chief
negotiator Miriam Coronel Ferer and MILF chief negotiator Mohagher Iqbal signed
a peace agreement in Kuala Lumpur. The agreement would pave the way for the
creation of the new Muslim autonomous entity called "Bangsamoro"
under a law to be approved by the Philippine Congress. The government aims to
set up the region by 2016. The agreement calls for Muslim self-rule in parts of
the southern Philippines in exchange for a deactivation of rebel forces by the
MILF. MILF forces would turn over their firearms to a third party to selected
by the MILF and the Philippine government. A regional police force would be
established, and the Philippine military would reduce the presence of troops
and help disband private armies in the area.[38] (Continoe)
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