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| Wind Power |
Renewable energy resources will bring Indonesia could become
a world economic power.
By: Muhammad Jusuf *
The Indonesian people should be grateful to Allah the
almighty creator of the universe, because Indonesia has the potential and
natural resources and fertile earth.
See, not all countries can grow when planted with oil
palm trees, in the United States, China, India and also in Russia except in
Indonesia and some other countries such as Malaysia. Though palm oil exports in
addition to being a mainstay in the form of oil, but also can be a biodiesel
energy, fuel for vehicles and other energy purposes.
Indonesian volcano is also the country that has the
potential of geothermal energy in the world, but now less than the Philippines
and the United States who have to rely on geothermal energy for electricity
generation.
Not to mention the potential of solar energy, wind energy
and wave energy and water energy, so that when it maximized its use of
renewable energy, the energy that Indonesia such as coal and petroleum can be
maximized value of exports, foreign exchange incoming sehinnga increasing.
Existing renewable energy could provide incentives for
industry in the country, so that the products of advanced technology to simple
will have a low production cost (cheap) that are highly competitive in the
world market. When this happens it is not possible within the next 20 years
Indonesia will become a world economic power to rival the strength of the US
economy, China, Japan and India, including Russia.
It is now Indonesia has indicated he will increase the
production of electricity from geothermal 3 Times Fold
If that happens, Indonesia will follow the footsteps of
the Philippines, where fuel geothermal meet a quarter of the electricity needs,
thereby reducing pollution and fuel imports.
The government has revealed ambitious targets to increase
the production of electricity from geothermal to three-fold in the past decade,
and announced a series of land reforms and rules to become the largest producer
in the world for these alternative fuels.
"As more and more oil imports, coupled with the
growing demand for electricity, it is important for Indonesia to diversify
their base of power generation," said Chris de Lavigne from consultancy
Frost & Sullivan, such as VOA reports.
"Indonesia has the potential to be the biggest
geothermal producer in the world."
As the third largest geothermal energy producer in the
world with a capacity of 1.4 gigawatts (GW), Indonesia lags of the Philippines
and the United States each with a capacity of 1.9 GW and 3.4 GW. The government
plans to increase its capacity to 4.9 GW in 2019.
But progress is slow due to bureaucracy, which is not
competitive electricity rates and uncertainty about the ownership of assets.
Period of 25 years required from the planning stage to establish the
foundations for the latest project shows great obstacles facing the sector.
The government says the reforms to deter local
governments power to disrupt these projects, and to facilitate development in
forest areas, should be able to accelerate the construction of 25 projects to
be tendered as early as 2015.
"There are no longer obstacles in this sector. It's
time to work. This is a business opportunity," said Tisnaldi, geothermal
director at the Directorate of Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation,
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources.
The geothermal investors expect the government of
President Joko Widodo will follow plans for mereforamsi electricity prices in
the same way in reducing fuel subsidies (BBM) for transport, as well as
tackling other constraints.
"If the constraints in acquiring land and licenses
removed, will be very helpful," said Fazil Alfitri, president director of
PT Medco Power Indonesia, a company active in the production of electricity
from geothermal.
Geothermal projects generally take the heat under the
earth's crust by pumping water into the well in hot places it is converted into
steam to drive the turbines.
However, this sector bureaucracy hindered because
geothermal projects usually require complex government policy commitments and
long-term. The sector is also under the mining law, limiting developments in
forest areas until the recent amendment.
The government's plan can make geothermal meet 10 percent
of demand for electricity in 2020, up from 3 percent today. Today about half
the electricity supply met coal, the fuel that was originally to be reduced to
encourage exports. Gas covers about 20 percent and 12 percent oil.
Many countries with active geothermal plans to build new
power plants, with soaring global capacity of 2 GW to 12 GW since 1980.
Lavigne of Frost and Sullivan said Indonesia's geothermal
capacity can reach as high as 29 GW, nearly two-thirds of the country's overall
electricity generation now.
"Game Changers"
Development Sarulla project worth US $ 1.6 billion in
North Sumatra, which is the largest in the world, starting this year, 25 years
since it was first planned, hampered financial constraints and bureaucratic.
Sarulla describe as a "game-changer" (modifier
game), Shamim Razavi, attorneys energy sector of the multinational law firm
Norton Rose Fulbright, said this could mean that investors may be ready to look
for new projects.
"If the constraints in acquiring land and licenses
removed, will be very helpful," said Fazil Alfitri, president director of
PT Medco Power Indonesia, a company active in the production of electricity
from geothermal.
Geothermal projects generally take the heat under the
earth's crust by pumping water into the well in hot places it is converted into
steam to drive the turbines.
However, this sector bureaucracy hindered because
geothermal projects usually require complex government policy commitments and
long-term. The sector is also under the mining law, limiting developments in
forest areas until the recent amendment.
The government's plan can make geothermal meet 10 percent
of demand for electricity in 2020, up from 3 percent today. Today about half
the electricity supply met coal, the fuel that was originally to be reduced to
encourage exports. Gas covers about 20 percent and 12 percent oil.
Many countries with active geothermal plans to build new
power plants, with soaring global capacity of 2 GW to 12 GW since 1980.
Lavigne of Frost and Sullivan said Indonesia's geothermal
capacity can reach as high as 29 GW, nearly two-thirds of the country's overall
electricity generation now.
"Game Changers"
Development Sarulla project worth US $ 1.6 billion in
North Sumatra, which is the largest in the world, starting this year, 25 years
since it was first planned, hampered financial constraints and bureaucratic.
Sarulla describe as a "game-changer" (modifier
game), Shamim Razavi, attorneys energy sector of the multinational law firm
Norton Rose Fulbright, said this could mean that investors may be ready to look
for new projects.
Most of the large power plants that exist, such as
Chevron's Salak, located on the island of Java.
Sarulla will connect national network, even though the
capacity of some plants in remote places are limited to serving local regions.
Twenty-five new sites that will be tendered in early 2015 mainly in forested
areas in Java and Sumatra.
Sarulla will have a capacity of 330 MW, enough to power
about 330,000 homes electricity.
If successful, Indonesia will follow the Philippines,
where fuel geothermal meet a quarter of the electricity needs, reduce pollution
and fuel imports. (Reuters)
Crude oil prices on the world market in June 2014 and is
approximately US $ 100 per barrel, now 20 Nofwmber dwindled under U $ 80 per
barrel (between U $ 84- $ 86 a barrel U, or declined steadily in the last three
months.
But, strangely government Joko Widodo - Muhammad Jusuf
Kalla dare actually raise the price of diesel oil and gasoline which can lead
to skyrocketing inflation and weaken the people's purchasing power. So the
price of nine staple and transport costs are rising, this is inviting various
protest among the public, especially students.
Regardless of the polemic rising fuel prices (diesel and
petrol) that let us see how much potential energy reserves and ketanan
Indonesia.
Fifteen years ago the researchers and the International
energy agency, has estimated oil reserves in Indonesia with the existing level
of consumption will be exhausted within fifteen years.
Fifteen years ago the ability of Indonesia's production
could reach 1.5 jut barrels per day, half in domestic consumption.
Now, why Indonesia is still able to produce crude oil,
although the number has continued to decline only about 1 million barrels per
day, mostly in domestic consumption.
One reason is the discovery of new oil exploitation
technology. As we know with conventional methods of oil reserves that we can
suck out of the earth at most 15% of the existing reserves.
But with technology enhanced oil recovery steam flood,
with menyuntuikkan steam (steam flood) to the existing oil wells, oil reserves
in the exploitation bum ibisa more 15% again as it has long done PT Caltex
Indonesia (now Cheron) in the oil field of thorns , Riau.
The second reason, new inestasi oil field exploitation
continued until new oil reserves, although small, continue to be discovered.
Originally petroleum dependence for consumption vehicles
and power plants in Indonesia is quite large.
However, due to the diversification of energy use for
power generation is now performed using coal energy.
Almost all new power plants are now using coal energy.
Initially, the use of coal for power generation is not
popular, because of air pollution they cause. Now with the invention of the air
filtration system can be filtered coal dust, coal dust can even be used as an
ingredient pencanpu cement, coal energy back so popular in the world.
That is why Indonesia is now not only consume coal for
electricity generation, but also export to various countries.
No wonder Indonesia is one of five countries in the world
that escaped the impact of the world economic crisis, in addition to South
Korea, Mexico, Turkey and Poland.
Indonesia survived the impact of the world economic crisis
thanks to the export of commodities such as coal, tin and palm oil.
US Geological Survey Oil and Gas Journal, 1995 - 2000 and
the report estimates that Indonesia's oil reserves thinning, which is now
estimated to be only available for a period of about 15 years. The Count of
assuming such a high level of current consumption, which is in the range of 5-6
per cent growth rate of consumption a year. Estimates can be even worse if the
lifestyle of the people of Indonesia are very wasteful in the use of fossil
energy is still retained. It is hard to imagine what is happening in this
country if you have a prolonged shortage of energy supply.
US Geological Survey Oil and Gas Journal, 1995 - 2000,
also reported that the United States could only produce petroleum and enjoy
less than one decade, including Canada, UK, Norway, Egypt, Argentina,
Australia, and Ecuador. In this group, according to the US Geological Survey
Oil and Gas Journal, including Indonesia. The same source also expects China's
State-negaraseperti, Negeria, Algeria, Malaysia, Colombia, Oman, India, Qatar,
Angola, Romania, Yemen, and Brunei, can still enjoy this fossil waterwheel in
the next 50 years. Besides reportedly also states that oil production can be
sustained their ground until 100 years such as: Saudi Arabia, Russia, Mexico,
Libya, Brazil, Azerbeijan, and Trinidad, Iran and Venezuela. And it turns out
there are some countries that could partying resume oil production for more
than 100 years in the future, such as Iraq, Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan, Tunisia, and Uzbekistan.
Although oil reserves are still found in many parts of
the world, but may not be able to compensate for the level of a very high
dependence on the fossil energy. There are at least approximate limitation,
petroleum once again can not be sucked out of the earth. By looking at the
condition of the energy reserves of oil are dwindling, the main priority should
be done to address them is to reduce fuel consumption. After that attempt to
replace fossil energy with energy alternatif.Beberapa countries like USA,
Japan, Brazil, China, India and some European countries are getting ready to
tackle the post-petroleum endless. They have started to take advantage of
ethanol and biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum energy.
Indeed, the need for alternative energy to reduce fuel
use is very urgent. Indonesia also has made various efforts to address the
energy issues, such as developing fuel from plants (biofuels) is currently the
subject of a lot of attention. Biofuel is a kind of fuel made from vegetable
oils. Some sources of biofuel feedstocks are palm (palm), distance (jatropha),
sorghum, maize, sugarcane and cassava (casava). Indonesia is a country that is
very rich in natural resources, plant-based biofuels is needed as base material
will be, staying power supply problems experts.
Besides nuclear energy Biofuel one suitable alternative
for Indonesia. As known to the French State to use nuclear energy to meet the
80 percent requirement energinya.Sayangnya, the development of nuclear energy
constrained problem of technology and human resources that need cooperation
with foreign parties.
What makes nuclear less popular in Indonesia? Perhaps the
government's efforts for nuclear mensosialisikan still lacking. Nuclear is only
seen from the negative side only. The role of the mass media is needed in
disseminating nuclear energy far only described as a mass murderer tool. It is
expected that we are not too late to decide on the use of nuclear energy.
Do not let the moment we have started to accept the fact
to inevitably accept the use of nuclear energy, we are already very far behind
in the provision of experts.
Indonesia is quite fortunate than petroleum, natural gas
we also punyak, although production is now increasingly degenerate. When 10
years ago, Indonesia is the leading exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG),
the largest in the world, has now slipped to fifth rank skipped Qatar,
Malaysia, Australia and Brunei Darussalam.
Natural gas reserves are Indonesia in the Arun gas field,
Lhokseumawe, Aceh continued to decrease. Of capacity Arun LNG plant in the
first peak at six train, now only one train that operates.
Likewise, liquefied natural gas plant in Bontang, East
Kalimantan, from six train, now only two trains beoperasi.
Fortunately Indonesia find new gas reserves in Tangguh,
the melting of the natural gas is now exported to China.
Gas potential in Indonesia, is still quite large. Even
much greater than the potential of the crude oil in the 12 years is up.
"The potential of gas in Indonesia reached 107.34
trillion cubic feet, located evenly throughout Indonesia, in contrast to the
potential oil reserves are dwindling.
Potential (proven) gas in Indonesia, the possibility also
can still thrive. Still there is the potential that may still be developed
further by 52.29 trillion cubic feet.
Seeing the potential of the gas, the government is trying
to shift the use of energy from oil to gas. "Moreover, gas production in
Indonesia is still low at about 670 thousand cubic feet per day.
While the potential for oil in Indonesia reached 4,303.10
billion barrels, while potential which may still be developed reached 3,685,39
billion barrels.
Under such a condition, he continued, there is pontesi
oil, with oil production, currently about 900 thousand barrels per day,
expected to run out in 12 years. However, estimates of the oil exhaustion, also
not necessarily true, because there is still the possibility of finding new oil
reserves.
"In the past 10 years and there are estimates of oil
in Indonesia in the 10 years is up. The fact after 20 years still exists and
there is a new 12-year forecast up," he explained.
The amount of oil and gas reserves in Indonesia,
it is relatively very low, compared to the potential oil and gas reserves in
oil-producing countries in the world, such as Saudi Arabia.
Instead, he said, Indonesia is relatively rich in natural
resources, water, sun, forest, but not rich with oil and gas resources, but
also rich in coal energy.
In 2012, Indonesia was able to export coal reached 330
million tons of total production capacity reached 400 million. The rest, is
used to meet domestic demand.
Indonesia is the country with the amount of production
and the largest coal reserves in the world, Indonesia's coal exports are still
limited to countries in Asia such as China, India, South Korea, Japan and some
ASEAN countries such as Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and the Philippines.
"The average value of our coal exports
reached US $ 20 billion per year. Coal in the country of about 53% is used to
fuel power plants. As for the needs of the domestic industry only reached 47%.
National coal trade challenges still hit quality needs to be improved. Because,
China is now receiving coal with higher quality and lower emissions. Even so,
the need for traditional coal exports to countries such as China and India and
several ASEAN countries continue to increase.
Indonesia's coal reserves estimated at 28 billion tons,
which is ready to be mined and 156 billion tons of coal reserves that have not
been explored. Therefore, if not controlled Indonesian coal production will
have a negative impact on the domestic industry. "If production is too
much, the market price will fall. If you like it, it will hit our own. If
prices fall baseball state can be anything.
One of the energy future of Indonesia include biodiesel.
Biodiesel besides derived from jatropha oil is also
derived from palm oil. Today Indonesia is a producer and exporter of palm oil
in the world, because this commodity can not grow in other countries except in
some tropical countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia.
Indonesian palm oil commodity production which is the raw
material of cooking oil (crude palm oil / CPO) reached an average of 23.5
million tonnes per year. Of that number, 16.5 million tons were exported to
several countries in the world, especially the US and Europe.
Palm is one of the leading commodity countries since
become one of the largest non-oil foreign exchange earner.
Therefore, the government continues to encourage the
growth of the national oil industry. In the case of palm oil. Indonesia has a
strong competitor, namely Malaysia. Although the volume of Indonesia is still
superior in productivity Indonesia defeated by Malaysia. "Currently, the
land area in Indonesia around 7.9 million hectares. The land area of the
produce 23.5 million tons of CPO per year. Malaysia's land area of 4 million
hectares could produce 18.5 million tons per year, "he said.
Seeing the condition that necessary efforts to increase
productivity with the use of high quality seeds and fertilizer supported integrated
maintenance system, as well as the need for access to the processing plant.
In 2020 Indonesia was able to produce 40 million tons of
CPO per year. if the use of high-quality seeds and fertilizer supported
integrated maintenance system.
To realize that goal, the National Forestry Plan (RKTN)
from 2011 to 2030, the government has allocated forest land use for the
plantation sector.
"Currently, the vast Convertible Production Forest
(HPK) approximately 17.94 hectares. Approximately 4.06 million hectares of
which, the government allocated in 2011-2030 RKTN utilization of forest land
for non-forestry sectors, such as agriculture, "he said.
"Biodiesel and Bioethanol, the fuel is produced from
a variety of plants that exist in Indonesia. With such capability, then there
is no reason not to develop biodiesel energy.
Oil palm plantations in Indonesia is growing rapidly
since the early 80s and until the end of 2003 the total area of oil palm
plantations in Indonesia has reached 4.9 million hectares with a production of
CPO (crude palm oil) amounted to 10.68 million tons.
This palm plantation development, will continue and is
expected in the next five years, Indonesia will be the world's largest palm oil
producer with a total production of 15 million tons / year.
One of the downstream product of palm oil that can be
developed in Indonesia - in addition to most of the results are still exported
in the form of CPO, and domestically processed into food products, especially
cooking oil - is biodiesel, which can be used as an "alternative
fuel", especially for diesel engines.
"With the high price of oil lately, it's time when
Indonesia began to develop biodiesel, both for domestic consumption and for
export.
Biodiesel is a liquid fuel that is specially formulated
for diesel engines made from vegetable oil (bio-oil), without the need to
modify the diesel engine.
"To use this Biodiesel, can be pure biodiesel, as
well as material substitution in petrodiesel, with a mixture of 5 to 20%. A
variety of vehicles, ranging from trucks, buses, tractors, to industrial
machines can use this biodiesel fuel.
Even a Toyota Innova latest release - with its real
commond machine - can use it. He gave the example that one Toyota Innova car
belonging to the researchers have been able to cover a distance of 9,195 km
using biodiesel fuel.
Senior * Freelance Journalist
yusuf.agusno@gmail.com
Based on the research group studies Geothermal Resource
Centre Geology Geological Agency Towards the end of 2009, has been known at
least 265 locations geothermal energy sources in Indonesia with a potential of
28.1 GWe. Most of the potential associated with volcanic pathways, which are
generally high berentalpi and can be commercially developed for power
generation. A small portion is associated with a geothermal source of
non-volcanic system, typically has a relatively low temperature reservoir.
Geothermal system in Indonesia based on the geological structure in general can
be divided into five types: single strato volcano, complex volcanic caldera,
graben -kerucut volcanic and non-volcanic. Types of geothermal systems reflects
the magnitude of its potential: the complex type of volcano, the caldera and
graben-volcanic cone generally have the potential energy is much larger than
the other types. Utilization for power generation until now only 1189 MWe or
approximately 4% of the total potential. All geothermal systems have utilized a
complex type of volcano, and graben-caldera volcanic cone. While the direct use
(direct use) is still far from expectations.
INTRODUCTION
Geothermal energy is environmentally friendly when
compared to other types of energy derived mainly from the burning of fossil
fuels (fossil fuel), so that when developed will reduce the danger of
greenhouse gases that cause global warming. President in his remarks at a
meeting of the G-20 recently, has targeted a 26% reduction in CO2 emissions by
2020.
Geothermal energy sources are likely not going to run
out, because of the continuous process of its formation during the environmental
conditions (geology and hydrology) can be maintained in balance. Given this
geothermal energy can not be exported, then the utilization geared to meet
domestic energy needs, thus geothermal energy will become a mainstay of
alternative energy and vital as it can reduce Indonesia's dependence on fossil
energy sources are increasingly depleted and can provide added value in order
to optimize use a variety of energy sources in Indonesia.
To date has identified 265 locations Indonesian
geothermal energy source with the potential to reach about 28.1 GWe (Figure 1),
equivalent to 12 (twelve) billion barrels of oil for the operation of the
30-year period, placing as one of the richest countries of the potential energy
geothermal. This paper discusses the addition of the status and potential of
the current investigation, will also be presented on the type of geothermal
system in Indonesia, which perhaps can be used as a guide to provide an initial
estimate for the stakeholders, especially the Local Government.
STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL AND INVESTIGATION 2009
Government through the Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources through the Geological Agency since 1970 has conducted a survey of
geothermal activity. Especially with the geothermal legislation, which grants
the Government and Local Government to conduct a preliminary investigation make
this activity intensified. The data obtained were used for the determination of
geothermal mining area. Activities include geology, geochemistry and
geophysics.
Given the potential of geothermal energy in Indonesia,
and the development and enterprise-level investigation, the government in this
case the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has formulated a guideline
for classifying geothermal energy potential based on the results of geological,
geochemical and geophysical, reservoir engineering and estimation electric
equality. These guidelines have been approved as a National Standard
"Classification of Potential Geothermal in Indonesia", SNI
18-6009-1999.
Based on the National Standard "Classification of
Potential Geothermal in Indonesia", there are several stages of the
investigation and development of geothermal energy associated with the
classification of geothermal energy potential. Each stage has akurasii levels
and different techniques are supported by geological, geophysical and
geochemical, and drilling the flatness suhu.Dengan their inventory and
exploration activities are carried out either by the government or by the
private sector, then the data potential of geothermal energy in Indonesia
changed from time to time in accordance with the level of investigations that
have been carried out.
To date there are 265 locations in Indonesia geothermal
volcanic scattered along the path that runs from P. Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa
Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku and non-volcanic areas such as Kalimantan and Papua
(Figure 1). Estimated total potential of geothermal energy in Indonesia around
28 112 MWe, equivalent to 12 billion barrels of oil. With a total potential is
to make Indonesia as one of the richest countries of geothermal energy. In 2009
there were 8 locations discovery of new areas with a potential of about 400 MWe
of geothermal results of the survey conducted by the Geological Agency. The
location of this new geothermal area is Lili, Mapili and Alu, West Sulawesi;
Tehoru, New Banda and trees Stone, and Kelapa Dua, Moluccas; and Chebar, West
Papua. Location geothermal survey conducted in 2009 by the Geological Agency is
shown in Figure 2. While the potential of geothermal waterwheel to the status
of 2009 shown in Table 1.
Judging from the status of investigations, of 265
geothermal areas, 138 sites (52.07%) geothermal area is still in the early
stages of the preliminary investigation or inventory with the potential
speculative resource class, 24 sites (9.05%) hot area earth is still at the
stage of preliminary investigation on the potential resource class
hypothetical. Areas that have been surveyed in detail through a survey with or
without drilling surface temperature ramp with potential unexpected reserves of
88 locations (33.21%). Regional exploration drilling has been done or ready to
be developed as much as 8 areas (3.01%). Geothermal area that has been used for
electricity generation has been only 7 locations or 2.64% with a total
installed capacity of 1189 MW.
The number of potential geothermal locations overlap
partially or completely with the forest is about 81 locations, or about 30% of
the total geothermal sites in Indonesia with a potential of about 12,000 MW
Table 2). Of these, approximately 11% (29 locations) in the area of forest
conservation with a potential of about 3400 MW and about 19% (52 locations) are
in protected forest areas with a potential of about 8600 MW.Lokasi geothermal
potential is mostly in forest areas (conservation) also occurs in existing WKP
like: Kamojang.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE
Geothermal energy resources can be used directly or
indirectly. Energy use is the result of conversion in the form of steam and
heat. Geothermal energy is used directly called direct use of geothermal energy
while in the form of conversion into electricity is the result of the steam
conversion. Direct use heat efficiently utilize and financing is much smaller
than power generation
Utilization of geothermal energy has been carried out
since 1904 in Italy where the future of geothermal steam can turn five lights.
In Indonesia geothermal power plant was finally set in 1983 in Kamojang with a
potential of 30 MW. Next start founded PLTP such as in G.Salak, Sibayak,
Darajat, Dieng, Wayang Windu and Lahendong. Until now, only 1189 MW of
electricity that has been produced from seven field. Seventh geothermal field
is Sibayak (12 MW), G. Salak (375 MW), Kamojang (200 MW), Darajat (255 MW),
Wayang Windu (227 MW), Dieng (60 MW), and Lahendong (60 MW ).
Utilization of geothermal energy is the direct use was
made without the conversion of energy into another form. Because it is easily
the utilization can be done in various ways. To make effective use of direct
utilization of use conducted in accordance with the temperature requirements.
In some locations in Indonesia the local community has made use directly as for
tourism facilities, heating and nursery crops mushrooms, fertilizer and fish
farming. But in general use fuel directly benefit the agricultural industry has
not developed.
WORK AREAS OF GEOTHERMAL
In order to accelerate the development of geothermal energy,
especially for the use of indirect (electricity generation), the Government has
set some new WKP for geothermal areas that have sufficient data completeness.
Until now it has been determined as 22 new WKP (Table 3).
From this WKP 22, 5 WKP has completed tendered. 6 WKP are in the process of
auction and 11 WKP not at auction. WKP already completed auction is Tampomas
(West Java), Cisolok-Cisukarame (West Java), Tangkuban Perahu (West Java),
Sokoria (NTT), Jailolo (North Maluku) and Jaboi (NAD. The WP is in the process
of tender years this is Ungaran (Central Java), Ngebel Wilis (East Java),
Blawan-Ijen (East Java), Siaholon Ria Ria (North Sumatra), and Liki Pinangawan
(West Sumatra).
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
The position of the Indonesian archipelago that lies at
the confluence of three major plates (Eurasian, Indian Australia. Pacific)
makes it have a complex tectonic structure. Subduction of continental crust and
oceans between generating a magma melting process in the form of partial
melting and magma mantle rocks undergo differentiation on the way to the
surface of the forming process of the bag - magma chamber (silisic / basaltic)
that play a role in the formation of volcanic pathways known as the circle of
fire (ring of Fire). The emergence of a series of volcanoes Pacific in some
parts of Indonesia and tectonic activity serve as a conceptual model of the
formation of Indonesia's geothermal system.
Based on the association of the order of geology,
geothermal systems in Indonesia can be classified into three types, namely:
volcanic, volcano - Non-tectonic and volcanic. Volcanic geothermal system is
geothermal systems associated with the Quaternary volcanic fire, generally
located in the Quaternary volcanic arc that extends from Sumatra, Java, Bali
and Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Sulawesi Utara.Pembentukan most geothermal
systems are usually composed by intermediate volcanic rocks
(andesitic-basaltic) to acid and generally have the characteristics of the
reservoir? 1.5 km to the high reservoir temperatures (~ 250 -? 370 ° C). In
active volcanic areas usually have a relatively young age of rocks with high
temperature conditions and the content of large magmatic gases. The space
between the rock (permeability) is relatively small due to tectonic activity
that has not been too dominant in shaping cracks / fractures intensive as
reservoir rocks. Inactive volcanic area usually relatively older age and has
undergone tectonic activity that is strong enough to form a rock permeability
through the cracks and fissures intensive. In these conditions are usually
formed intermediate temperature - high magmatic gas concentrations less.
Volcanic systems can be grouped into several systems, eg body system strato
volcano if it only consists of one main volcanoes, volcanic complex if the
system consists of several volcanoes, caldera system if it formed the caldera
and so on.
Geothermal systems volcano - tectonic, berasosisasi
between graben system and volcanic cones, commonly found in the region of
Sumatra in the path of the Sumatran fault system (Fault Semangko). Non-volcanic
geothermal system is geothermal systems that are not directly related to
volcanism and generally beyond the Quaternary volcanic path. Non-volcanic
environment in western Indonesia are generally scattered in the eastern part of
Sundaland (Sunda exposure) because the area is dominated by rocks which are
building blocks of continental crust Asia as metamorphic rocks and sediments.
In Indonesia, the eastern part of non-volcanic environment are in the arms and
legs of Sulawesi and Maluku Islands to New Guinea region is dominated by
granitic rocks, metamorphic and sedimentary sea
CLOSING
Up to November 2009, a total of Indonesia's geothermal
potential is estimated at 28 112 spread over 265 MWe geothermal prospect areas.
In terms of the number of locations that exist, there is an increase of 8
locations with a potential of about 400 MWe which is the result of the
discovery of the field activities in 2009.
In its efforts to accelerate the development of geothermal
energy in Indonesia, the Government has set a new WKP 22 with a total potential
of reaching the 2376 MWe. From the new WKP, 6 WKP has completed auction, 5 WKP
is in the process of auction, and 11 WKP not at auction.
CLOSING
Up to November 2009, a total of Indonesia's geothermal
potential is estimated at 28 112 spread over 265 MWe geothermal prospect areas.
In terms of the number of locations that exist, there is an increase of 8
locations with a potential of about 400 MWe which is the result of the discovery
of the field activities in 2009.
In its efforts to accelerate the development of
geothermal energy in Indonesia, the Government has set a new WKP 22 with a
total potential of reaching the 2376 MWe. From the new WKP, 6 WKP has completed
auction, 5 WKP is in the process of auction, and 11 WKP not at auction.
Indonesia's geothermal potential contained in various
types of geothermal systems. Grouping types of geothermal systems can provide
an initial estimate of the magnitude of the potential energy contained in a
geothermal area, and perhaps can be used as an initial guideline in choosing
geothermal sites for further investigation for stakeholders.
The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is very large.
This potential should be used as an alternative energy. Pertamina role in
addition to increasing energy supply also menkonversikan fossil energy use in
Indonesia dominate the energy mix into other types of energy.
"Indonesia has great potential for solar energy but
not utilized properly. Whereas in Indonesian sun shines all year round even
though the rainy season," said VP of Corporate Communications of PT
Pertamina (Persero) Ali Mundakir in the event Pertamina Goes to Campus (PGTC)
2013 'Youth intellectual: Creating Energy for State Security 'in the East Hall
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), Jln. Ganeca, Bandung, Tuesday
(09/03/2013).
Related to energy security, Ali mebgatakan in Indonesia
that did not do anything then it will only be enough oil reserves in 15 years.
While Iraq and Iran can be up to 100 years. "Indonesia, which has little
oil alone was squandered, sale," he said.
Therefore PT Pertamina plays a role in the national
energy supply and demand should be balanced supplay. From supplay will increase
the reserves of the inside and outside. Pertamina aggressively abroad as
reserves in the country concerned is reduced. Pertamina is try to buy oil
fields in Algeria. At least be brought to Indonesia.
"Step Pertamina overseas expansion is already very
late but better than nothing. Countries like Japan are poor SDA has pushed oil
companies to ekapansi abroad," said Ali.
The potential of wind energy in Indonesia reached 9.4
gigawatts per Hour (Gwh). Arguably quite large. However, its use is not
maximized and government policies do not support the use of wind energy as a
renewable energy source.
To develop wind energy, Agency for the Assessment and
Application of Technology (BPPT) through the Great Hall of the Energy
Technology (B2TE) in collaboration with the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) project to build wind hybrid power generation (WHYPGen) Market
Development Intiatives.
Project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
aims to encourage the commercialization of hybrid power plants based wind
energy in Indonesia. The target yield of 18.115 GWh, and can reduce CO2
emissions by 16 050 metric tons.
However, in the developing of wind energy in Indonesia is
still constrained matter of government policy. The companies in the energy
sector urged the government to quickly establish the basic rate of wind energy
sales.
"In order for companies willing to invest, the
government must set the price of wind energy. If there is no price, how companies
want to sell it?" said Poempida Hidayahtullah, CEO of PT Viron Energy, at
BPPT, Jakarta, May 14, 2013.
adjustment Rates
Responding to the constraints in the creation of the wind
energy market, Chief B2TE BPPT, Sony Sulistiawan said WHYPGen project plan
fitting rates of wind energy. It aims to attract investors to join in the
development of wind power / wind (thermal power station).
"Indeed, the constraints of thermal power station
construction is a matter of the charge is not yet clear. This ambiguity is
causing PLTB not moving forward," said Sony.
He added that the proposed fitting WHYPGen tariff for
wind energy to the government, ie between Rp1,250 to Rp1,750 per kilowatt per
hour.
"In addition to price, WHYPGen project has also made
a map of the potential of wind energy in Indonesia. Currently, there are eight
points the location of wind energy potential in Indonesia, which is spread in
Nusa Tenggara Timur, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, West Java, and Bali," says Sony
.
INFO Science and Technology
Monday, July 2nd, 2007
Energy Power OmbakPrint PDF Facebook Twitter Email
The potential of renewable energy to meet the needs of
electrical energy
Indonesia has the second longest coastline after Norway.
Unfortunately the energy potential of existing beach not been widely used. it
makes the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) moved
mengembnagkan and exploit the potential of renewable energy, such as wind,
solar energy omba and to answer the needs of electrical energy.
Dikembnagkan model in Parang racuk Technopark to answer
the challenge, we opened scientists from various fields in Indonesia utilizing
the region according to their interests, is the first in Indonesia, said the
Head of BPPT Said D Jenie to the National Journal in Yogyakarta, Friday (22/6)
In the area of 12 hectares located along the coast now
present some of the renewable electricity generation technologies that
Oscillating Water Column (OWC) at a cost of 2.5 billion development that
converts electrical energy menjaaadi wave energy. In addition it has also
installed wind power generation (wind) in the form of windmills and solar cell
panels to process the electrical energy from the sun.
In the early stages it developed a model-based fixed, to
a floating base in the waters. gradually will continue pwemhembangan
utilization of alternative energy projects that are environmentally friendly,
says Said continued.
energy Crosses
Completing faasilitas energy storage of electricity
generated from wave power, wind and srya also provided an automatic load-based
control system with a capacity of 3599 kW DC.
Hybrid energy systems (hybrid) it has been tested and
optimized to work with, although very teergantung energy supply of natural
conditions, namely the presence or absence of waves or wind energy sources
pembnagkit sufficient for electricity.
Load control system is required after the conversion
before the electricity used by consumers, said Dr. Erzi Agson Gani Meng, Head
of Machine Tools, Engineering, Production and Automation (MEPPO) BPPT.
Since 2005 there have been efforts to use renewable
energy such as waves, wind and solar energy captured solar panels to meet their
electricity needs. Although the results are still limited, because it needs
further development mentioned technologies suitable for the supply of
electricity in remote areas or sbagai daari resource section navigation beacon.
Beyond that, it can also be a tourist energy technologies
and research from academia and other R & D institutions. It becomes a
potential source of clean energy in the future, said Erzi.
For the people of Gunung Kidul, the presence of which
utilize technology park land Sultan (Aultan Ground) tentuĂ, just make a
distinct advantage. If during this time relying only beach resort, next to the
technological development would clearly provoke the presence of new engineering
that can utilize natural potnsi in coastal areas.
Guning Kidul was already known to the natural conditions
are dry, the edges have the resources alan on undeveloped coast. The presence
tebarukan energy technologies to help development in coastal areas, said Regent
Gunungkidul Suharto, SH.
At least with the presence of renewable energy
technologies can be utilized to meet the needs of electrical energy in the
region which has been difficult to reach commercial power with economy and
efficiency reasons.
We have a natural potential alone, it was moved at a
fairly severe conditions for efforts to invite investors. If there is a
technology that makes clear help wrga energy needs, said Suharto.
Air Pressure Effect
Alterbatif wave energy is energy generated by the effect
of air pressure oscillations (pumping-effect) in banunan chamber (geometry
column) due to fluctuations in the movement of waves into the chamber.
Related to that on June 22, 2007 in Yogyakarta has
unveiled racuk Parang Parang Technopark racuk through PLTO Operational Test
(Power Wave) on konsi Tide by BPPT Kepla Said D Jenie.
The event was attended by Principal Secretary, Deputy
TIRBR, Deputy TPSA, Deputy TAB, Echelon II of the Setama and Echelon I, II, III
in TIRBR environment, and Regent Gunung Kidul, Advisor to the Head of BPPT as
well as leaders and researchers from BPDP Yogyakarta.
The purpose of this activity to provide a model package
that the availability of alternative sources of energy source is relatively
abundant in the coastal waters of Indonesia.
package models will show the level of energy efficiency
produced and parameters hiroosenografi decent minimum, both technically and
economically for energy conversion.
Hidroosenografi survey results in the territorial waters
of Parang racuk shows, the system will be able to generate optimal power if
placed before wave breaking or at a depth of 4 m-11 m.
Senior * Freelance Journalist
yusuf.agusno@gmail.com
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